Do Not Plagiarize, Give Credit to Those Who Did The Work
This Two Volume Set Contains about one fifth (1/5) of our documentation
References
The following materials have been viewed and may exist in various forms in discussions about the existence of the Chickamauga
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Nash, June 1980 Aztec Women: The Transition from Status to Class in Empire and Colony. In Women and Colonization: Anthropological Perspectives, Mona Etienne and Eleanor Leacock, editors, pp. 134–148. Praeger Publishers, New York. Google Scholar
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Nassaney, M. S., Lopinot, N. H., Butler, B. M., and Jefferies, R. W. (1983). The 1982 excavations at the Cahokia Interpretive Center tract, St. Clair County, Illinois, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, Center for Archaeological Investigations, Research Paper, 37, Carbondale. ISBN-10: 088104010X, ISBN-13: 978-0881040104
National Archives, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Documents Relating to the Negotiation of Ratified and Unratified Treaties with Various Tribes, Microcopy T-494, Roll 1 https://www.archives.gov/files/research/microfilm/t494.pdf
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National Archives, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, 1824- 81, Cherokee Agency East, Microcopy 234, Rolls 71-76 https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/075.html
National Archives, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, 1824-81, Cherokee Agency West, Microcopy 234, Roll 77 · https://digital.libraries.ou.edu/utils/getfile/collection/publicpubs/id/1/filename/2.pdf
National Archives, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Letters Received by the Office of the Secretary of War Relating to Indian Affairs, 1800-23, Microcopy 271, Rolls 1-6 https://www.archives.gov/atlanta/finding-aids/microfilm/native-american.html
National Archives, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Records of the Bureau of Land Management, Miscellaneous Letters Sent, 1796-1889, Microcopy M-25, Rolls 1-3 https://www.archives.gov/atlanta/finding-aids/microfilm/other.html
National Archives, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Records of the Cherokee Indian Agency in Tennessee, 1801-35, Microcopy 208, Rolls 1-14 https://www.archives.gov/research/native-americans/rolls
Neumann, G. K., and Fowler, M. L. (1952). Hopewellian in the Wabash Valley. In Deuel, T. (ed.), Hopewellian Communities in Illinois. Illinois State Museum Scientific Papers 5: 175–248. https://www.worldcat.org/title/hopewellian-communities-in-llinois/oclc/718537
Neumann, George C. 1967 The History of Weapons of the American Revolution. Bonanza Books, New York, New York. ASIN: B0000COA0Z
Neusius, S. W. (ed.) (1986). Foraging, collecting, and harvesting: Archaic period subsistence and settlement in the Eastern Woodlands. Southern Illinois University Center for Archaeological investigations, Occasional Paper 7, Carbondale. ISBN-10: 0881040584, ISBN-13: 978-0881040586 https://cai.siu.edu/publications/occasional-papers.php
Newman, Robert Dolan 1971 Burials. In Archaeological Investigations in the Tellico Reservoir: Interim Report 1970, edited by Paul F. Gleeson. University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, Report of Investigations, Number 9, pp. 81-86. Knoxville, Tennessee. ASIN: B009MBEI1K
Newman, Robert Dolan 1977 An Analysis of the European Artifacts from Chota-Tanasee, an Eighteenth-Century Overhill Cherokee Town. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee. Knoxville, Tennessee. https://trace.tennessee.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3874&context=utk_gradthes
Nichols, D. (2002). Of Conciliation and Incineration: The Cherokee War and the Remaking of British Imperial Indian Policy. Reviews in American History, 30(3), 373-380. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/30031293
ABSTRAT
Reviews in American History 30.3 (2002) 373-380 For much of the first half of the eighteenth century, the Cherokees were among Britain's steadiest Indian allies in southeastern North America. Cherokee hunters sold deerskins to South Carolina fur traders and caught runaway slaves for Carolina planters, while their chiefs nominally acknowledged the sovereignty of George II in exchange for peace and reliable commerce. Cherokee warriors fought for Britain in King George's War and the Seven Years' War and marched with Edward Braddock and John Forbes's expeditions against Fort Duquesne. Yet in January 1760, the Cherokee Nation became British America's most dangerous Native American adversary. After two years of intensifying provocations the Cherokees attacked white settlements from Virginia to Georgia, driving the frontier 50 to 100 miles eastward. Warriors took Fort Loudoun, the British garrison and trading post on the Tennessee River and put thirty officers, soldiers, and civilians there to death; according to one observer the Cherokee victors forced the fort's commandant, Paul Demeré, to dance until he died. British commander-in-chief Sir Jeffrey Amherst responded by sending nearly 3,000 troops into Cherokee country under the command of Archibald Montgomery and James Grant, whom Amherst charged with administering "due Correction" to His Majesty's Indian adversaries. In two summer campaigns (1760-61), Montgomery and Grant dispersed Cherokee warriors attempting to defend their homeland and burned twenty of the Cherokee Lower and Middle Towns, along with their fields and food stores. Close to starvation and virtually out of ammunition, the Cherokees laid down their arms in August 1761. Their chiefs accepted a peace treaty that ceded much of the Lower Towns' hunting territory to South Carolina, but imposed no additional punishment and left the Cherokees' autonomy intact. This brief but intense war has provided grist for several scholars' mills over the past few decades. John Alden traced the conflict's origins to the high-handed behavior of South Carolina governor William Lyttleton, whose 1759 trade embargo and seizure of Cherokee hostages made Anglo-Cherokee reconciliation impossible, and to the weakness of imperial Indian Superintendent Edmund Atkin. David Corkran characterized the Anglo-Cherokee War as the byproduct of political conflict within the Cherokee Nation, between pro-British "high policy"-makers in the Beloved Town of Chota and a "nativist" war party centered in the rival towns of Hiwassee and Tellico. Tom Hatley examined the war's socio-political impact on South Carolina, suggesting that the conflict allowed young colonial militia officers to define themselves and their elite kinsmen against an Indian "other," and to impose a new social order, characterized by plantation slavery, white supremacy, and Indian exclusion, on the Carolina backcountry. Most recently, Robin Fabel compared the Cherokees' war with Britain to the contemporary struggles of the Gulf Coast Indian nations and the St. Vincent Caribs for autonomy, and argued that the Cherokees' geographic position and historic reliance on the British made their diplomatic maneuvering and military resistance less effective than that of their southern Native counterparts. In his new study of the cause, course, and conclusion of the Anglo-Cherokee War, John Oliphant draws our attention to one of the conflict's more paradoxical features: the same men charged with punishing the Cherokees for their raids came to believe that the Indians were not aggressors, but rather victims of white colonial aggression, and therefore took pains to preserve the Cherokees' dignity and autonomy at the peace settlement. In particular, Colonel James Grant, commander of the 1761 expedition that razed the Middle Towns and broke the Cherokees' resistance, blamed the conflict as much on South Carolina's mismanagement of Indian affairs as on Cherokee warriors' desire for vengeance. He therefore, Oliphant argues, crafted a peace treaty that denied South Carolina the vengeance its citizens desired and that restored the authority of Cherokee conciliationists like Attakullakulla (the Little Carpenter), thus securing a peace that would last for nearly fifteen years.
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O'Brien, M. J. David P. Braun, Bennet Bronson, Douglas K. Charles, Robert C. Dunnell, George R. Milner, and David Rindos, "Sedentism, Population Growth, and Resource Selection in the Woodland Midwest: A Review of Coevolutionary Developments [and Comments and Reply]," Current Anthropology 28, no. 2 (Apr., 1987): 177-197. https://doi.org/10.1086/203509 Google Scholar
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O'Brien, M. J., Wood, R.; (1998): The Prehistory of Missouri; University of Missouri; ISBN-10: 0826211313, ISBN-13: 978-0826211316
SUMMARY
The Prehistory of Missouri is a fascinating examination of the objects that were made, used, and discarded or lost by Missouri's prehistoric inhabitants over a period of more than eleven thousand years. Missouri's numerous vegetation zones and its diverse topography encompassed extreme variations, forcing prehistoric populations to seek a wide range of adaptations to the natural environment. As a result, Missouri's archaeological record is highly complex, and it has not been fully understood despite the vast amount of fieldwork that has been conducted within the state's borders.
In this groundbreaking account, Michael J. O'Brien and W. Raymond Wood explore the array of artifacts that have been found in Missouri, pinpointing minute variations in form. They have documented the ranges in age and distribution of the individual forms, explaining why certain forms persisted while others quickly disappeared.
Organized by chronological periods such as Archaic, Woodland, and Mississippian, the book provides a comprehensive survey of what is currently known about Missouri's prehistoric peoples, often revealing how they made their living in an ever-changing world. The authors have applied rigorous standards of archaeological inquiry. Their main objective—demonstrating that the archaeological record of Missouri can be explained in scientific terms—is accomplished.
With more than 235-line drawings and photographs, including 23 color photos, The Prehistory of Missouri will appeal to anyone interested in archaeology, particularly in the artifacts and the dates of their manufacture, as well as those interested in the dichotomy between interpretation and explanation. Intended for the amateur as well as the professional archaeologist, this book is sure to be the new standard reference on Missouri's prehistory, fulfilling current needs that extend beyond those met by Carl Chapman's earlier classic, The Archaeology of Missouri.
Onuf, P. (1999). "We shall all be Americans": Thomas Jefferson and the Indians. Indiana Magazine of History, 95(2), 103-141. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/27792167
Ordonez, Margaret Thompson 1978 Frontier Reflected in Costume: Tallahassee, Leon County, Florida, 1824-1861. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida.
Orr, K. (1946). The Archaeological Situation at Spiro, Oklahoma; A Preliminary Report. American Antiquity, 11(4), 228-256. doi:10.2307/275723
Jeffrey Ostler (2016) ‘Just and lawful war’ as genocidal war in the (United States) Northwest Ordinance and Northwest Territory, 1787–1832, Journal of Genocide Research, 18:1, 1-20, DOI: 10.1080/14623528.2016.1120460
ABSTRACT
This article focuses on the United States Northwest Ordinance of 1787's profession of ‘utmost good faith’ towards Indians and its provision for ‘just and lawful wars’ against them. As interpreted by US officials as they authorized and practised war against native communities in the Northwest Territory from 1787 to 1832, the ‘just and lawful wars’ clause legalized wars of ‘extirpation’ or ‘extermination’, terms synonymous with genocide by most definitions, against native people who resisted US demands that they cede their lands. Although US military operations seldom achieved extirpation, this was due to their ineptness and the success of indigenous strategies rather than an absence of intention. When US military forces did succeed in achieving their objective, the result was massacre, as revealed in the Black Hawk War of 1832. US policy did not call for genocide in the first instance, preferring that Indians embrace the gift of civilization in exchange for their lands. Should Indians reject this display of ‘utmost good faith’, however, US policy legalized genocidal war against them.
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Pagden, Anthony 1992 Fabricating Identity in Spanish America. History Today, Volume 42 Issue 5 May 1992. https://www.historytoday.com/archive/fabricating-identity-spanish-america
Panther-Yates, D. N.; (2011) Cherokee Clans: An Informal History; https://pantherslodge.com/?s=cherokee+clans
Pargellis, Stanley M. 1933 Lord Loudoun in North America. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut. ASIN: B003Y68NGK
Parry, John H. 1966 The Spanish Seaborne Empire, reprinted in 1990 by University of California Press, Berkeley. ISBN-10: 039444650X, ISBN-13: 978-0394446509 ISBN-10: 039444650X, ISBN-13: 978-0394446509 Google Scholar
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Perdue, Theda, ed. Cherokee Editor: The Writings of Elias Boudinot. Knoxville: U of Tennessee P, 1983. ISBN-10: 0820318094, ISBN-13: 978-0820318097
Perdue, Theda. "Cherokee teiations with the Iroquois In the Eighteenth Century." In Beyond The Covenant Chain - The Iroquois and Their Neighbors in Indian North America 1600-1800, edited by Daniel K. Richter and James H. Merrell, 135-150. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press 1987. ISBN-10: 027102299X, ISBN-13: 978-0271022994
Perdue, Theda. “The Sequoyah Syllabary and Cultural Revitalization.” Perspectives on the Southeast: Linguistics, Archaeology, and Ethnohistory. Ed. Patricia B. Kwachka. Southern Anthropological Society Proceeding, No. 27. Mary W. Helms, series editor. Athens: U of Georgia P, 1994. 116-25. ISBN-10: 0820315923, ISBN-13: 978-0820315928
Pérez de Tudela Bueso, Juan 1954 La Negociación Colombina de las Indias. Revista de Indias, 57–58:289–357. Madrid, Spain. https://search.proquest.com/openview/d8f4f441ea45c0df45132bba6c557826/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1817830 Google Scholar
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Peterson, Charles E. 1965 The Houses of French St. Louis. In the French in the Mississippi Valley, edited by John Francis McDermott, pp. 17-40. University of Illinois Press. Urbana, Illinois. ASIN: B003TS2DOQ
Peterson, Harold L. 1956 Arms and Armor in Colonial America. Bramhill House, New York, New York. ISBN-10: 048641244X, ISBN-13: 978-0486412443
Peterson, Harold L. 1969 Round Shot and Rammers. Bonanza Books, New York, New York. ASIN: B019NEKYBI
Phillips Joyce B. and Paul Gary Phillips, eds. The Brainerd Journal: A Mission to the Cherokees, 1817-1823. Lincoln: U of Nebraska P, 1998. ISBN-10: 0803237189, ISBN-13: 978-0803237186
Phillips, C. (1990). The growth and composition of trade in the Iberian empires, 1450–1750. In J. Tracy (Ed.), The Rise of Merchant Empires: Long Distance Trade in the Early Modern World 1350–1750 (Studies in Comparative Early Modern History, pp. 34-101). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511563089.005 CrossRef Google Scholar
SUMMARY
In planning the conference on merchant empires that formed the basis for this collection of papers, the Early Modern Group at Minnesota originally included diverse topics under the general headings of northern and southern Europe. This paper was designed to provide a general background for the long-distance trade of southern Europe between 1350 and 1750, surveying the published literature on Mediterranean and Iberian trade in those crucial centuries. The inquiry was to be limited to long-distance trade outside Europe, omitting discussion of internal European commercial networks. In this way we hoped to clarify the role of merchants and trade in establishing European influence around the globe. In other words, the focus of the conference was not on the growth of world trade in the early modern period but on the role of European merchants and their governments in furthering world trade. Primarily for that reason, we decided not to include lengthy discussion of the Ottoman Empire, although the interaction of Christian Europe with the Islamic world was crucial to the development of global commerce in many ways. In Immanuel Wallerstein's terminology, the Ottoman Empire of the sixteenth century was a separate world-system from Europe, uniting an economic and trading network with political authority and distributive power. The Ottoman system would be absorbed by the expanding capitalist world-economy after 1750, but for the whole of the period considered here, it remained a separate, autonomous system, linked with Europe by a trade in luxury goods.
Phillips, Philip 1940 Middle American Influences on the Archaeology of the Southeastern United States. In The Maya and Their Neighbors, edited by Hay, C. L. and others, pp. 349–367. D. Appleton-Century, New York. ISBN-10: 0486235106, ISBN-13: 978-0486235103
Phillips, Philip, and Brown, James A. 1978 Pre-Columbian Shell Engravings from the Craig Mound at Spiro, Oklahoma. Part 1. Paperback edition. Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Cambridge, Mass. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-antiquity/article/precolumbian-shell-engravings-from-the-craig-mound-at-spiro-oklahoma-vols-16-philip-phillips-and-james-a-brown-peabody-museum-press-peabody-museum-of-archaeology-and-ethnology-harvard-university-cambridge-1983-vol-i-pp-1209-ii-plates-152-iii-plates-53123-iv-plates-174186-v-plates-187277-vi-plates-278338-biblio-index-36000-set-of-6-limited-edition-cloth-3500-part-i-volumes-iiii-and-3500-part-ii-volumes-ivvi-paper/9DB3EBB4F2AD2215795F162DF8A73687 Google Scholar
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Foreman, G; Pioneer Days in the Early Southwest. Journal of American History, Volume 14, Issue 1, June 1927, Pages 99–100, https://doi.org/10.2307/1892060
Pitt, William. Correspondence of William Pitt When Secretary of State with Colonial Governors and Military and Naval Commissioners in America. Edited by Gertrude Selwyn Kimball. London: MacMillan, 1906. https://archive.org/details/correspondenceof01pitt/page/n12
Polhemus, R.; editor; (2002); The Tennessee, Green, and Lower Ohio River Expeditions of Clarence Bloomfield Moore. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa. [includes reprint of Moore, Clarence B., ISBN-10: 0817310185, ISBN-13: 978-0817310189
Polhemus, Richard R. 1972 The Overhill Cherokee Hot-House: The Functional Interpretation of a Feature. Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin, Number 15, pp.63-66. https://www.southeasternarchaeology.org/wp-content/uploads/bulletins/SEAC%20Bulletin%2015.pdf
Polhemus, Richard R. 1973 Cherokee Structure Change. Conference on Historic Site Archaeology Papers, Volume 8, pp. 139-154. https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1008&context=archanth_historic_site_arch_conf_papers
Christopher Powell (2007) What do genocides kill? A relational conception of genocide, Journal of Genocide Research, 9:4, 527-547, DOI: 10.1080/14623520701643285
Powell, John W. 1894 Twelfth Annual Repot of the. Bureau of American Ethnology, 1890-1891. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. https://ia800902.us.archive.org/33/items/annualreportofbu1218901891smit/annualreportofbu1218901891smit.pdf
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ABSTRACT
During the field season of 1979 a bauxite statuette known as the Birger figurine was uncovered at the BBB Motor site, a Middle Mississippian ceremonial site on the outskirts of Cahokia. A comparison of the figurine's compositional elements with characteristics ascribed to fertility goddesses in the myths of several historic eastern North American tribes suggests that the Birger figurine's symbolism shares many of the concepts associated with various historic fertility deities, and that it represents a Mississippian version of the Earth-Mother.
Prentice, G., & Mehrer, M. (1981). THE LAB WOOFIE SITE (11-S-346): AN UNPLOWED MISSISSIPPIAN SITE IN THE AMERICAN BOTTOM REGION OF ILLINOIS. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology, 6(1), 33-53. Retrieved January 17, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/20707864 Google Scholar
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Prufer, O. H. (1964). The Hopewell culture of Ohio. In Caldwell, J. R., and Hall, R. L. (eds.), Hopewellian Studies. Illinois State Museum Scientific Papers 12: 35–84 ASIN: B005KFAWRQ
Prufer, O. H., and Shane, O. C., III (1970). Blain Village and the Fort Ancient Tradition in Ohio, Kent State University Press, Kent, Ohio. ISBN-10: 0873380908, ISBN-13: 978-0873380904
Pryse, M. (2000). Exploring Contact: Regionalism and the "Outsider" Standpoint in Mary Noialles Murfree's Appalachia. Legacy, 17(2), 199-212. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/25679338
Purdue, T. (2004). Race and Culture: Writing the Ethnohistory of the Early South. Ethnohistory 51(4), 701-723. https://www.muse.jhu.edu/article/174395.
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Quimby, George Irving 1966 Indian Culture and European Trade Goods. The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wisconsin. https://uwpress.wisc.edu/books/1623.htm
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Ramenofsky, A.F. 1988. Vectors of Death: The Archaeology of European Contact. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque https://www.academia.edu/30670338/Vectors_of_Death_The_Archaeology_of_European_Contact_._Ann_F._Ramenofsky
Ramsey, J. G. M. The Annals of Tennessee to the End of the Eighteenth Century. Charleston, SC: Walker and Jones, 1853. Reprint, Knoxville, TN: East Tennessee Historical Society, 1967. https://ia600900.us.archive.org/30/items/annalstennessee00ramsgoog/annalstennessee00ramsgoog.pdf
Ramsey, M.; (2010):, Understanding the Cherokee War, Fairmont Folio: Journal of History; Wichita State University; Vol 12 Pgs 40 – 51.
ABSTRACT
The Cherokee Nation launched a war against its former English allies in the fall of 1759, which lasted until the fall of 1761. The complex diplomatic relationship between the English and the Cherokees led to this relatively brief period of conflict. Against the backdrop of the North American Seven Years' War between France and England, Britain's continued exploitation and condescension toward the Cherokees, and its insatiable hunger for Cherokee land led to a great bloodshed of colonists and Cherokees. An examination of the events leading to the dissolution of this once robust alliance reveals the motivations for both British and Cherokees, as well as the cultural misunderstandings that existed between the two. This in turn helps us recognize and understand the near inevitability of the Cherokee War.
Ranco, D. (2005). Indigenous Peoples, State-Sanctioned Knowledge, and the Politics of Recognition. American Anthropologist, 107(4), 708-711. Retrieved from www.jstor.org/stable/3567391
Ray, K. (2014). Cherokees and Franco-British Confrontation in the Tennessee Corridor, 1730–1760. Native South 7, 33-67. doi:10.1353/nso.2014.0004.
Reid, John Phillip 1970 Law of Blood; The Primitive Law of the Cherokee Nation. New York University Press, New York, New York. ISBN-10: 0875806082, ISBN-13: 978-0875806082
Reid, John Phillip 1976 A Better Kind of Hatchet; Law, Trade, and Diplomacy in the Cherokee Nation During the Early Years of European Contact. Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park, Pennsylvania. ISBN-10: 0271011971, ISBN-13: 978-0271011974
Reidhead Van A. 1980 The Economics of Subsistence Change: Test of an Optimization Model. In Modeling Change in Prehistoric Subsistence Economics, edited by Timothy K. Earle and Andrew L. Christenson. ISBN-10: 012227850X, ISBN-13: 978-0122278501
Religious Renewal, Resistance, and Accommodation.” Native Americans and the Early Republic. Ed. Frederick E. Hoxie, Ronal Hoffman, and Peter J. Albert. Charlottesville: UP of Virginia, 1999. 226-58. https://www.upress.virginia.edu/title/2129
Report to Congress. (1992). National Indian Policy Center: Reporting to Congress, Recommendation for the establishment of a National Indian Policy Center. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Reynolds, W. R. Jr.; (2015): The Cherokee Struggle to Maintain Identity in the 17th and 18th Centuries; McFarland & Company; ISBN-10: 0786473177, ISBN-13: 978-0786473175
Rice, Orleans L., Jr. 1975 A Colonial Silver Bracelet from the Citico Site (40MR7), Tennessee. Central States Archaeological Journal, Volume 22, Number 3, pp. 115- 117. ASIN: B07NWZ251Y
Richard G. Stevens (1984) Conscience and Politics, Teaching Political Science, 11:4, 171-181, DOI: 10.1080/00922013.1984.9942372
Richter, Daniel K. Facing East from Indian Country: A Native History of North America. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001. ISBN-10: 0674011171, ISBN-13: 978-0674011175
Rindfleisch, B.C. (2016). [Review of the book The Cherokee Struggle to Maintain Identity in the 17th and 18th Centuries, by William R. Reynolds Jr.]. Journal of Southern History 82(1), 134-135. doi:10.1353/soh.2016.0010.
Robert L. Hall (1967) The Mississippian Heartland and Its Plains Relationship, Plains Anthropologist, 12:36, 175-183, DOI: 10.1080/2052546.1967.11908453
Rothschild, N. A. (1979). Mortuary behavior and social organization at Indian Knoll and Dickson Mounds. American Antiquity 44: 658–675. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/279105 Google Scholar
ABSTRACT
Two prehistoric mortuary sites, one from the Archaic and one from the Mississippian period, are compared with regard to the importance of age and sex as status-bearing variables. Statements about social organization in the two societies are examined using mortuary data, specifically, grave-good inclusions with burials. Cluster analyses at Indian Knoll in Kentucky and Dickson Mounds in Illinois show significant differences in cluster formation which can be interpreted in social organizational terms. These interpretations pertain both to the importance of age and sex and to wider principles of organization. Indian Knoll is found to be less egalitarian in organization than expected; Dickson Mounds, less hierarchical than expected.
Rothschild, N.A. 2003. Colonial Encounters in a Native American Landscape: The Spanish and Dutch in North America. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington ISBN-10: 1588341380, ISBN-13: 978-1588341389
Royce, Charles C.; comp. Indian Land Cessions in the United States. John Wesley Powell, 18th Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institute, 1896-97. Washington, D. C.: G. P. 0. 1899. https://digitalcommons.csumb.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=hornbeck_ind_1
Royce, Charles. The Cherokee Nation of Indians. John Wesley Powell. Fifth Annual Report of the U.S. Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution 1883; Washington, D.C.: G.P.O., 1887. ASIN: B00MHY75T6
Rozema, V.; (2007): Footsteps of the Cherokees: A Guide to the Eastern Homelands of the Cherokee Nation; Blair; 2 edition; ISBN-10: 089587346X, ISBN-13: 978-0895873460
Ruhl, Donna L., and Kathleen Hoffman (editors) 1997 Diversity and Social Identity in Colonial Spanish America: Native American, African, and Hispanic Communities during the Middle Period. Historical Archaeology, 31(1):1–103. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2694641 Google Scholar
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Sanger, D. (1970). Mid-Latitude Core and Blade Traditions. Arctic Anthropology, 7(2), 106-114. Retrieved January 17, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/40315744
Sanger, D., McGhee, R., & Wyatt, D. (1970). Appendix I: Blade Description. Arctic Anthropology, 7(2), 115-117. Retrieved January 17, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/40315745
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Scholtz, Sandra Clements 1975 Prehistoric Plies: A Structural and Comparative Analysis of Cordage, Netting, Basketry and Fabric from Ozark Bluff Shelters. Arkansas Archeological Survey, Research Series No. 9. Fayetteville, Arkansas. https://archeology.uark.edu/learn-discover/publications/prehistoric-plies-rs9/
SCHOOLCRAFT, H. R. Historical and Statistical Information Respecting the History, Conditions, and Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United States. 6 vols. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1851-1857.Ssurn, Anne M. New Mexico Indians: Economic, Educational, and Social Problems, https://ia801601.us.archive.org/35/items/historicalstati3scho/historicalstati3scho.pdf
Schoolcraft, Henry R.; Journal of a Tour into the Interior of Missouri and Arkansas in 1818-1819. Edited by Hugh Park. Schoolcraft in the Ozarks. Arkansas Historical Series No. 3. Van Buren, Ark.: Press Argus) 1821, 1955. https://books.googleusercontent.com/books/content?req=AKW5QafJWK2bcSFBW9w26BAJQdQfYasKBg4B9osm5Oy-Z2LYROuocG0yQQ3xn91BJWob-Bhj-5GMxFkyPdeQdt1mkQenZ7FIHrbG7Br2mA2weO_1hqwv0LgNd5YW_UfiMxhechNEmloRdBX5HQ5LWu-ZkMR1HBJFdDn-i6_sDxRD5BMJMTASSKbsRan4IRO0XbaPqdoq7yyYaGT6llfKuove54EoyIiyXLWCxxzBmGxqGoddE_GAAkX-6FkChhOWL5WBzqA8XE4vIzDDvgBupczAm576jGVf9G6nth8SLJSOBKMBgtMRFoE
Schroedl, G. F.; Boyd, C. C. Jr.; and Davis, R. P. S. Jr.; (1990); Explaining Mississippian Origins in East Tennessee. In the Mississippian Emergence, edited by Bruce D. Smith, pp. 175–196. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington, D.C. ISBN-10: 0817354522, ISBN-13: 978-0817354527
Schroedl, Gerald F. 2000 Cherokee Ethnohistory and Archaeology from 1540-1803. In Indians of the Greater Southeast: Historical Archaeology and Ethnohistory, edited by Bonnie G. McEwan, pp.204-241. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida. ISBN-10: 0813017785, ISBN-13: 978-0813017785
Schwarze, Edmund; History of the Moravian Missions Among the Southern Indian Tribes of the United States. Transactions of the Moravian Historical Society. Vol. I. Bethlehem, Pa.: Times Publishing Co., 1923. https://books.googleusercontent.com/books/content?req=AKW5QafDsQIggIt0Rkvxc9DbdweXQqZUQm-AY39uI1_H-ME8HTxky5cgFOtrDkm7CWAcYyRiwadu2sdHzxZtnpXK0hm3xPaApvObY4ttPAR0Q98NyZtI26pGJpOSksAPJvdSTs5v_HximccYEq2X8MIwm69eccwWM7eV4T-OAF652hpUQQRtED5pDTjm8FKtYq52ce4WT52dpDj42ARcf1_6gBzcnUanxy8bUT3bdjZ9FXdNy0pzIxOrmDRm4o3SWy-7lEWzQxDXOQWf-3qFleF22WJFq5uDZ1LUhWgXD4brirOtvsa2Dl4
Sciulli, P., & Aument, B. (1987). PALEODEMOGRAPHY OF THE DUFF SITE [33LO111], LOGAN COUNTY, OHIO. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology, 12(1), 117-144. Retrieved January 21, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/20707979 . Google Scholar
Sciulli, P. W., Piotrowski, L., and Stothers, D. W. (1984). The Williams Cemetery: Biological Variation and affinity with three Glacial Kame groups. North American Archaeologist 5: 139–170. https://doi.org/10.2190/VUMG-TBCW-4VMT-JFCA Google Scholar
ABSTRACT
Comparisons of cranial and postcranial metrics and discrete triats among the Late Archaic, Western Basin Williams site and three Glacial Kame sites, Stratton-Wallace, Clifford Williams, and Muzzey Lake, show that these groups are indistinguishable with respect to shape variation but cluster according to cultural affiliation with respect to size variation. Because size variation corresponds to the geographical distribution of these sites a north (larger)—south (smaller) clinal distribution of size variation is hypothesized for Late Archaic populations in Ohio. The overall pattern of variability suggests these four samples were drawn from large interacting, related populations. This hypothesis is similar to that suggested for the spread and maintenance of burial ceremonialism seen in Late Archaic groups in general.
Sears, W. (1955). Creek and Cherokee Culture in the 18th Century. American Antiquity, 21(2), 143-149. doi:10.2307/276856.
ABSTRACT
Excavations, not yet reported in detail, at sites adequately documented as having been occupied during the 18th century make it possible to outline Creek and Cherokee cultures of this period. A comparison of the outlines indicates similarities and differences which may be of some importance in the archaeology of the area in which the Cherokee and various “Creek” groups were the dominant cultures in the contact and early historic periods, namely, Georgia, Alabama, Tennessee, and North and South Carolina.
Seeman, M. (1979a). The Hopewell Interaction Sphere: The evidence for interregional trade and structural complexity. Indiana Historical Society Prehistoric Research Series 5(2): 237–438. ASIN: B0006E5IQG
Seeman, M. (1979b). Feasting with the dead: Ohio Hopewell charnel house ritual as a context for redistribution. In Brose, D. S., and Greber, N. (eds.), Hopewell Archaeology: The Chillicothe Conference, Kent State University Press, Kent, Ohio, pp. 39–46. ISBN-10: 0873382366, ISBN-13: 978-0873382366
Semenov, S. A. 1964 Prehistoric Technology. Translated by Thompson, M. W.. Cory, Adams, and Mac Kay, London. https://www.abebooks.com/first-edition/Prehistoric-Technology-Experimental-Study-Oldest-Tools/18848742786/bd
Service, Elman R. 1971 Primitive Social Organization: An Evolutionary Perspective. 2nd ed. Random House, New York. ISBN-10: 0394316355, ISBN-13: 978-0394316352
Setzler, Frank M., and Jesse D. Jennings 1941 Peachtree Mound and Village Site, Cherokee County, North Carolina. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 131. Washington, D.C. https://ia800308.us.archive.org/32/items/peachtreemoundvi00setz/peachtreemoundvi00setz.pdf
Shane, O. C., III (1971). The Scioto Hopewell. In Swartz, B. K., Jr. (ed.), Adena: The Seeking of an Identity, Ball State University, Muncie, Ind., pp. 142–157. https://www.doullbooks.com/product/64283/Adena-The-Seeking-of-an-Identity--SWARTZ-B-K-Jr-ed
Shinn, Josiah; Pioneers and Makers of Arkansas. Little Rock: Genealogical and Historical Publishing Co., 1908. https://ia800304.us.archive.org/29/items/pioneersandmake00shingoog/pioneersandmake00shingoog.pdf
Shoshan, T. (1989). Mourning and longing from generation to generation. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 43 (2), 193–207. PubMed Google Scholar
ABSTRACT
Violent sudden separation from their closest family members determined the extent of survivors' individual traumas. Uncompleted mourning and the depression and somber states of mind it created were absorbed by their children from birth on. Children of survivors react to the lack of memories and absence of dead family members. As full adults, an increasing, overt search for better knowledge and understanding is expressed and shared. This seems to contribute to free families of Holocaust survivors of the shame and guilt, and enables a deeper understanding of the entire phenomenon, as it is passed from generation to generation
Shurtleff, Harold R.; (1967): The Log Cabin Myth: A Study of the Early Dwellings of the English Colonists in North America. Peter Smith, Gloucester, Massachusetts. ISBN-10: 0844614041, ISBN-13: 978-0844614045
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EXTRACT
If the expansion and consolidation of state power simply undermined, homogenized, and ultimately destroyed the distinctive societies and ethnic groups in its grasp, as various acculturation or melting-pot theories would have it, the world would long ago have run out of its supply of diverse ways of life, a supply presumably created in the dawn of human time. To the contrary, state power must not only destroy but also generate cultural differentiation—and do so not only between different nation states, and between states and their political and economic colonies, but in the center of its grasp as well. The historical career of ethnic peoples can thus best be understood in the context of forces that both give a people birth and simultaneously seek to take their lives.
Sider, G.M. 1994 Identity as History: Ethnohistory, Ethnogenesis, and Ethnocide in the Southeastern United States. Identities 1(1):109–122 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1070289X.1994.9962498 CrossRef Google Scholar
Sidney Kaplan, "The "Domestic Insurrections" of the Declaration of Independence," The Journal of Negro History 61, no. 3 (July 1976): 243-255. https://doi.org/10.2307/2717252
Sieveking, Ann 1979 The Cave Artists. Thames and Hudson, London. ISBN-10: 0500020922, ISBN-13: 978-0500020920
Silverberg, R. (1968). Mound Builders of Ancient America: The Archaeology of a Myth, New York Graphic Society Press, Greenwich. ASIN: B0006BU6D4
Sirmans, M. Eugene 1966 Colonial South Carolina, A Political History, 1663-1763. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. ISBN-10: 0807838497, ISBN-13: 978-0807838495
Siry, S. (2014). The Journal of Southern History, 80(4), 953-954. Retrieved January 21, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/43918121.
Sloan, Earle; 1908; Catalogue of the mineral localities of South Carolina. South Carolina Geological Survey, Series 1. Bulletin 2. ASIN: B00086PRDG
Sloane, William Mulligan. The French War and the Revntutiori. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1893. ASIN: B001398644
Smith, B. (1984). MISSISSIPPI EXPANSION: TRACING THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF AN EXPLANATORY MODEL. Southeastern Archaeology, 3(1), 13-32. Retrieved January 21, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/41888699. Google Scholar
ABSTRACT
The gradual and convoluted developmental history of the tandem concepts of Mississippian heartland and Mississippian migration are traced. The half century from 1928-1978 witnessed the initial development and acceptance, subsequent elaboration, and eventual reappraisal and rejection of this explanatory framework.
Smith, B. (1985). CHENOPODIUM BERLANDIERI SSP. JONESIANUM: EVIDENCE FOR A HOPEWELLIAN DOMESTICATE FROM ASH CAVE, OHIO. Southeastern Archaeology, 4(2), 107-133. Retrieved January 21, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/40712807. Google Scholar
ABSTRACT
The assemblage of approximately 25,000 chenopod fruits recovered from Ash Cave, Ohio by E. B. Andrews in 1876 is described. A direct particle accelerator radiocarbon date of A. D. 230 (1,720 ± 100 B.P.), combined with a detailed morphological description of the chenopod fruits, documents the presence of a domesticated, thin-testa variety of this plant species (Chenopodium berlandieri ssp. jonesianum) within the Middle Woodland plant husbandry systems of southern Ohio.
Smith, B. D. (1986). The Archaeology of the Southeastern United States: From Dalton to de Soto, 10,500–500 B.P. Advances in World Archaeology 5: 1–92. ISBN-10: 0120399059, ISBN-13: 978-0120399055
Smith, Betty Anderson 1979 Distribution of Eighteenth-Century Cherokee Settlements. In The Cherokee Indian Nation: A Troubled History, edited by Duane H. King, pp. 46-60. The University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, Tennessee. ISBN-10: 1572334517, ISBN-13: 978-1572334519
Smith, Bruce D.; 1978; Variation in Mississippian settlement patterns In Mississippian settlement patterns, edited by Bruce D. Smith, pp. 479-504. Academic Press, New York. ISBN-10: 1483206815, ISBN-13: 978-1483206813
Smith, F. (1996). A Native Response to the Transfer of Louisiana: The Red River Caddos and Spain, 1762-1803. Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association, 37(2), 163-185. Retrieved January 7, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/4233287
Smith, M. (1992). Rhythms of change in Postclassic central Mexico: Archaeology, ethnohistory, and the Braudelian model. In A. Knapp (Ed.), Archaeology, Annales, and Ethnohistory (New Directions in Archaeology, pp. 51-74). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511759949.005. CrossRef | Google Scholar
SUMMARY
This paper applies insights from the work of Fernand Braudel to the problem of correlating archaeology and native history in Postclassic central Mexico. Two aspects of Braudel's model of hierarchical temporal rhythms are emphasized. First, Braudel's theoretical construct provides a useful framework for conceptualizing past time and processes of change in complex societies. Second, his empirical findings on the diverse types of socioeconomic change and their rhythms contribute to the dialectical interaction between changing research questions and chronological refinement. These points are illustrated through an examination of archaeological and native historical data on processes of socioeconomic change in Postclassic central Mexico. Greater attention to temporal rhythms and chronological issues leads to more successful archaeological/historical correlation in central Mexico and thereby helps advance our understanding of processes of change.
Smith, M. T. (2000); Coosa: The Rise and Fall of a Southeastern Mississippian Chiefdom. University Press of Florida Press. Gainesville: ASIN: B01N8Y6ECI
Smith, Robin L., "Prehistoric camps and villages: testing at 9Cam171H and 9Cam188, King's Bay, Georgia" (1986). Jeffrey L. Brown Institute of Archaeology Reports. 31. https://scholar.utc.edu/archaeology-reports/31
ABSTRACT
Phase II testing was conducted by the Jeffrey L. Brown Institute of Archaeology at two sites at Kings Bay Naval Submarine Base in August of 1984. The North End of the Kings Bay Site, 9Cam171H, which is located on the eastern margin of the mainland just north of Etowah Park and south of Cherry Point, was studied to evaluate effects of proposed expansion of the adjacent recreation area. The Davis Farm Site, which lies on the eastern side of Point Peter at the southern edge of the Base, was studied to assess the effects of a proposed radar installation. 9Cam171H was tested using a systematic unaligned sample of 30 stratigraphic tests 1 x 2 min extent. Study of the ceramic, lithic, and faunal materials collected revealed that a significant amount and variety of information on the St. Simons, Transitional, and Deptford periods is present in this site. Preservation is recommended. In the event that preservation is not possible, data recovery research addressing specific aspects of the Late Archaic-to-Woodland period shift should be carried out. 9Cam 188 was tested using a series of 3-m wide motor grader trenches running east-west across the site. These trenches removed a heavy mantle of plow-disturbed shell midden and exposed the underlying features which intrude into the subsoil. The first three cuts revealed such a large number of structural and subsistence features that it was possible to complete excavation of only a little over half of the exposure. Data from these trenches demonstrates the presence of St. Simons, Deptford, Swift Creek, Wilmington, Savannah, and St. Johns II components. Well preserved, datable subsistence features are also present. Except for the earliest, all components are associated with structural and/or subsistence features. Some areas of the trenches exhibit feature clusters which are probably part of interpretable domestic structures. Significant information about site-level settlement patterns and about subsistence patterns is preserved at Davis Farm. Preliminary results of this study confirmed the National Register eligibility of the site and demonstrated that a very large scale data collection program would be necessary to mitigate the anticipated adverse impacts of radar installation construction. The Navy elected to move the radar installation. Preservation of the Davis Farm Site is recommended.
Smith, Samuel D. (Editor) 1976 An Archaeological and Historical Assessment of the First Hermitage. Division of Archaeology Research Series, Number 2. Tennessee Department of Conservation, Nashville, Tennessee. ASIN: B0006WFQ24
Smith, Samuel D., ed. Fort Southwest Point Archaeological Site, Kingston, Tennessee: A Multidisciplinary Interpretation. Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, Division of Archaeology, Research Series No. 9. Tennessee Division of Archaeology, 1993. https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/environment/archaeology/documents/researchseries/arch_rs9_SouthwestPoint.pdf
Smithers, G. D.; (2012): Rethinking Genocide in North America; The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies; DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199232116.013.0017
ABSTRACT
This article explores the concept of genocide in North America. Colonial North America in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries constituted an ever-growing number of racially and ethnically heterogeneous sites of trade, exploration, and settlement. As Europeans ventured westward into the North American wilderness, territorial expansion, changing land-use patterns, new economic networks, and different systems of coerced labour all motivated settlers to think and act with different colonial motives that contributed to a sense of instability and flux in settler communities. What bound Europeans together, and provided the ideological and political basis for ordering settler societies, was an increasingly explicit racialized anxiety and disgust for Native Americans. The settlers' sense of disgust was important to the genocidal intentions behind different forms of colonial violence.
Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology; (2018) Annual report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution 19th PT 1; Palala Press, ISBN-10: 1378801407, ISBN-13: 978-1378801406
Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology; (2018) Annual report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution 19th PT 2; Palala Press, ISBN-10: 1378705777, ISBN-13: 978-1378705773
Snapp, J. Russell. John Stuart and the Struggle for Empire on the Southern Frontier. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1996. ISBN-10: 0807120243, ISBN-13: 978-0807120248
Solomon, Z., Kotler, M., and Mikulincer, M. (1988). Combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder among second-generation Holocaust survivors: Preliminary findings. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145 (7), 865–868. PubMed Google Scholar
ABSTRACT
The authors assessed the impact of the Nazi Holocaust on the course and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among Israeli combat stress reaction casualties. They examined a sample of 96 such casualties of the 1982 Lebanon War whose parents had gone through the Nazi Holocaust and compared them to casualties who did not have such family history for 3 consecutive years beginning 1 year after their participation in the war. Results showed that 2 and 3 years after their participation in the 1982 Lebanon War, the children of Holocaust survivors, i.e., "second-generation" casualties, had higher rates of PTSD than did the control subjects, as well as a somewhat different clinical picture. Clinical and methodological implications of the findings are discussed.
South, Stanley 1972 Evolution and Horizon as Revealed in Ceramic Analysis in Historical Archaeology. The Conference on Historic Site Archaeology Papers 1971, Volume 6, pp. 71- 116. The Conference on Historic Site Archaeology and The Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina. https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1006&context=archanth_historic_site_arch_conf_papers
Speck, F. (1907). Notes on Chickasaw Ethnology and Folk-Lore. The Journal of American Folklore, 20(76), 50-58. doi:10.2307/534725. CrossRef | Google Scholar https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/534725.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A65e4d68dd93268c9b6488ef635b455c6
Spector, Janet D. 1976 The Interpretive Potential of Glass Trade Beads in Historical Archaeology. Historical Archaeology, Volume 10, pp. 17-27. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03373995
Abstract
Glass trade beads, because of their frequency of occurrence at historic sites, and because of the culturally prescribed manner in which they were utilized by Indian groups, should be an artifact type with considerable temporal and cultural interpretive potential in historic archæology. Two approaches, ethnohistoric and archæological, are advocated here as means of maximizing the interpretive potential of beads. Both approaches can contribute to the formalization of descriptive methods as an initial step in the analysis of beads, rendering bead samples from different sites comparable. In the following pages an exploration of both the ethnohistoric and archæological approaches is presented in an effort to demonstrate the potential of trade beads in historic sites archæology and to stimulate more intensive and extensive trade bead research.
Spence, M. W., Finlayson, W. D., and Pihl, R. H. (1979). Hopewellian influences in Middle Woodland cultures in southern Ontario. In Brose, D. S., and Greber, N. (eds.), Hopewell Archaeology: The Chillicothe Conference, Kent State University Press, Kent, Ohio, pp. 115–121. ISBN-10: 0873382366, ISBN-13: 978-0873382366
Stannard, D. (1992). American Holocaust: Columbus and the conquest of the New World. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN-10: 0195085574, ISBN-13: 978-0195085570
Starr, E.; (2011): Early History of the Cherokees: Embracing Aboriginal Customs, Religion, Laws, Folklore, and Civilization; Clearfield; 2011. ISBN-10: 0806355360, ISBN-13: 978-0806355368
Starr, Emmet. Cherokees "West": 1794-1839. Claremore, Okla.: Emmet Starr, 1910. https://books.googleusercontent.com/books/content?req=AKW5Qae-Yv2muJPkYscZCm3nKAg0J-z5BAxmYbMeTYdqogF2PmLSXi4zVElmGg1_msP1R9rgowqcOnHDtoFnNHgZ6BNORd3bjV8psrATuj2QAp1MkehpWSYmfQrs3RRKjI8J2-K6LuzhT8mEvr6fZS-1zykQuLkZb4aEMcnvUvhK8XCgm5V7r2v8QFBmWEHShzepQC0bcD_ctZO2imEM6me1YnV7QKqWGOvHLsQLSCVbaDaot_CI4T7sps41C9AClOAX0PTXfSbVsJTrG2NJDzweGGTz3r1_xw
Steely, M.; (1995); Swift's Silver Mines and Related Appalachian Treasures; Overmountain Press; ISBN-10: 1570720363 ISBN-13: 978-1570720369
Stenberg, R. (1931). The Western Boundary of Louisiana, 1762-1803. The Southwestern Historical Quarterly, 35(2), 95-108. Retrieved January 7, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/30235393
Steponaitis, V P. 1986 Prehistoric Archaeology in the Southeastern United States, 1970-1985. Annual Review of Anthropology Vol. 15:363-404 (Volume publication date October 1986) https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.15.100186.002051. CrossRef | Google Scholar
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Stevens, S. K., Donald H. Kent, and Autumn L. Leonard (Editors) 1951 The Papers of Henry Bouquet, Volume II, The Forbes Expedition. Pennsylvania Historical and Museums Commission, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. ASIN: B000OM8L7S https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.32106007468124&view=1up&seq=11
Stevens-Arroyo, A. (1993). The Inter-Atlantic Paradigm: The Failure of Spanish Medieval Colonization of the Canary and Caribbean Islands. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 35(3), 515-543. doi:10.1017/S0010417500018569.CrossRef Google Scholar
EXTRACT
The year 1492 in Spanish history is an unforgettable date. Within the span of a few months, Spain ended a struggle for political unity on the peninsula lasting centuries and embarked upon a colonial enterprise that was to encircle the globe. But 1492 seduces the imagination, inclining one to read history's momentous consequences into the minds of the protagonists at the time. The historian is tempted to make the actors of 1492 larger than life, multiplying the importance of their actions by the eventual consequences, but this would hinder an understanding of 1492 from the perspective of the people who experienced it.
Stoltman, J. B. (1978). Temporal models in prehistory: An example from Eastern North America. Current Anthropology 19: 703–746. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/202193 Google Scholar
ABSTRACT
This paper deals with the topic of defining a sequence of time units for any specified archaeological area, that is, the topic of constructing temporal models in prehistory. Despite the fundamental necessity for temporal models in modern prehistoric archaeology, no generally agreed-upon, coherent set of principles is currently available to assist archaeologists in the task of temporal model formulation. Accordingly, after a brief historical review of the development of temporal models in prehistory, this paper offers a set of four basic principles to be followed in formulating such models. To illustrate the applicability of these principles, they are applied to a specific archaeological area, the Eastern Woodlands of North America, for which a new temporal model is thus presented. Additional purposes for presenting a new temporal model for Eastern North America prehistory are to stimulate a critical reevaluation of the current status of a number of basic concepts, such as Archaic and Mississippian, and to provide an up-to-date synthesis of Eastern prehistory.
Stoltman, J. B. (1979). Middle Woodland stage communities of southwestern Wisconsin. In Brose, D. S., and Greber, N. (eds.), Hopewell Archaeology: The Chillicothe Conference, Kent State University Press, Kent, Ohio, pp. 122–139. ISBN-10: 0873382358, ISBN-13: 978-0873382359
Stoltman, J. B. (1983). Ancient peoples of the Upper Mississippi River Valley. In Wozniak, J. (ed.), Historic Lifestyles of the Upper Mississippi Valley, University Press of America, New York, pp. 197–255. ISBN-10: 0819134694, ISBN-13: 978-0819134691
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Stone, D.; (2004) The historiography of genocide: beyond ‘uniqueness’ and ethnic competition, Rethinking History, 8:1, 127-142, DOI: 10.1080/13642520410001649769
ABSTRACT
This article argues that neither the proponents of the uniqueness of the Holocaust nor those who see other genocides as paradigmatic provide helpful ways of furthering the scholarly understanding of genocide. A new generation of genocide scholars is incorporating the findings of earlier research into a synthesis that promises to respect the extremity of the Holocaust as well as the specificities of other genocides, positioning them in a history that sees genocide as a continuum of practices throughout the modern period that must also encompass the history of racism, colonialism, imperialism and nation-building.
Stone, Lyle M. 1974 Fort Michilimackinac 1715-1781, An Archaeological Perspective on the Revolutionary Frontier. Publications of the Museum, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan. ASIN: B0006CS6L2
Stone, Richard G., Jr. 1969 Captain Paul Demere at Fort Loudoun. East Tennessee Historical Society Publications, Vol.41, pp 17-32. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000681575
Stothers, D., & Graves, J. (1985). THE PRAIRIE PENINSULA CO-TRADITION: AN HYPOTHESIS FOR HOPEWELLIAN TO UPPER MISSISSIPPIAN CONTINUITY. Archaeology of Eastern North America, 13, 153-175. Retrieved January 21, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/40914257. Google Scholar
ABSTRACT
This paper proposes an interpretive framework for understanding the cultural and linguistic similarities among several historically known Central Algonkian groups, and their antecedent (archaeological) cultural expressions. The Sandusky and Whittlesey traditions appear to be 'sister' traditions of a larger and more inclusive Upper Mississippian Co-Tradition, termed the Prairie Peninsula Co-Tradition, The parallel development of these two cultural traditions persists through time and may be represented in historic times by the 'sister' tribal groups, the Mascouten and Kickapoo, as suggested by Stothers (1981). The Prairie Peninsula Co-Tradition may include a third archaeological tradition represented by the prehistoric to historic development of one or several groups within the Illinois-Miami tribal confederacies. Although no prehistoric archaeological assemblages have been identified for the Sauk and Fox tribal entities, ethnographic accounts suggest that these groups are closely related, both in culture and language, to the groups within the Prairie Peninsula Co-Tradition. Each member of this proposed co-tradition is believed to have a Hopewellian antecedant(s). It is proposed that certain Hopewellian cultural groups may have spoken a proto-Central Algonkian language.
Struever, S. (1965). Middle Woodland culture history in the Great Lakes riverine area. American Antiquity 31: 211–233. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2693986 Google Scholar
ABSTRACT
There are multiple structural and stylistic differences between local Middle Woodland expressions in the Great Lakes-Riverine area. These reflect not only different cultural systems but also in some cases different levels of cultural complexity. At present these manifestations are grouped into a single Hopewellian culture on the basis of selected artifact commonalities. Variations within Great Lakes-Riverine Middle Woodland are of several kinds: (1) complexes that include diagnostic Hopewellian culture artifacts are concentrated in the major river valleys, while apparently contemporary manifestations in neighboring localities lack Hopewellian forms; (2) if we employ artifact classes other than those used as Hopewellian diagnostics, Middle Woodland regional traditions can be defined that have distributions sharply different from those of specifically Hopewellian complexes; (3) comparison of Hopewellian manifestations in Ohio, Illinois, and elsewhere indicates that these are not local expressions of a homogeneous culture but probably representatives of more than one cultural system; and (4) structural analysis of Middle Woodland mortuary and subsistence-settlement patterns in two regions, Illinois and Ohio, indicates contrasting cultural systems. It is argued that if ceramics of the Havana tradition are classified according to criteria developed in the central Illinois Valley, then potentially significant local style variations will go unrecognized. Tentative definition of four microstyle zones within the Havana tradition illustrates the utility of a system of analysis geared to recognition of small-scale style differences.
Stumpf, S. (1976). Implications of King George's War for the Charleston Mercantile Community. The South Carolina Historical Magazine, 77(3), 161-188. Retrieved January 22, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/27567390
Sturtevant, W. (1962). Spanish-Indian Relations in Southeastern North America. Ethnohistory, 9(1), 41-94. doi:10.2307/480785
Sullivan, L. P.; and Harle, M. S.; (2010); Mortuary Practices and Cultural Identity at the Turn of the Sixteenth Century in Eastern Tennessee. In Mississippian Mortuary Practices: Beyond Hierarchy and the Representationist Perspective, edited by L.P. Sullivan and Robert C. Mainfort, Jr., pp. 234-249. University Press of Florida, Gainesville. ISBN-10: 0813042011, ISBN-13: 978-0813042015
Sullivan, L. P.; and Koerner, S. D.; (2010); New Perspectives on Late Woodland Architecture and Settlement in Eastern Tennessee: Evidence from the DeArmond Site (40RE12). Tennessee Archaeology Vol. 5 (1):31-50. http://www.sitemason.com/files/g2RsMo/volume5issue1.pdf
Sullivan, L. P.; and Rodning, C. B.; (2001); Gender, Tradition, and Social Negotiation in Southern Appalachian Chiefdoms. In the Archaeology of Historical Processes: Agency and Tradition Before and After Columbus, edited by Timothy R. Pauketat, pp. 107-120. University Press of Florida, Gainesville. ISBN-10: 0813027454, ISBN-13: 978-0813027456
Sullivan, L. P.; Braly, B. R.; Harle, M. S.; and Koerner, S. D.; (2011); Remembering New Deal Archaeology in the Southeast: A Legacy in Museum Collections. In Museums and Memory, edited by Margaret w. Huber, pp. 64-107. Newfound Press, University of Tennessee Libraries, Knoxville. [Digital version at www.newfoundpress.utk.edu/pubs/museums Print on demand available through University of Tennessee Press.]
Sutherland, J.D. (1998). [Review of the book The Southeast in Early Maps, by William P. Cumming]. Southeastern Geographer 38(2), 186-187. doi:10.1353/sgo.1998.0018.
Swanton, John R. 1911 Indian Tribes of the Lower Mississippi Valley and Adjacent Coast of the Gulf of Mexico. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 43. Washington, D. C. ISBN-10: 1296959090, ISBN-13: 978-1296959098 Google Scholar
Swanton, John R. 1928 Aboriginal Culture of the Southeast. 42nd Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology 1924-1925, pp. 673–726. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. https://ia800702.us.archive.org/20/items/annualreportofbu42smit/annualreportofbu42smit.pdf
Swanton, John R. 1932 The Green Corn Dance. Chronicles of Oklahoma 10: 170–195. https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/22077/bae_bulletin_151_1953_35_155-210.pdf Google Scholar
Sylvia, D.E. 2002. Native American and French Cultural Dynamics on the Gulf Coast. Historical Archaeology 36(1):26–35 Google Scholar
ABSTRACT
Archaeological investigations at Old Mobile and Port Dauphin, and at the later sites of Bienville Square, Fort Condé Village, Bottle Creek, and Dog River, document the evolution of a relatively reciprocal and stable relationship between colonists and native peoples spanning the entire French colonial period, from 1699 to 1763. The nature of French-Indian interaction on the Gulf Coast contrasts with other areas of eastern North America at that time, such as the Mississippi Valley and the Northeast, where relations often were more fragile and alliances went with the best offer.
Symonds, C. (1976). The Failure of America's Indian Policy on the Southwestern Frontier, 1785-1793. Tennessee Historical Quarterly, 35(1), 29-45. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/42623551
Symonds, C. (1976). The Failure of America's Indian Policy on the Southwestern Frontier, 1785-1793. Tennessee Historical Quarterly, 35(1), 29-45. Retrieved January 7, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/42623551
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ABSTRACT
The analysis of Middle Woodland to Late Woodland social change in west-central Illinois has produced contrasting interpretations of decreasing and increasing complexity. This paper evaluates both views, showing that available evidence is most consistent with the interpretation of social collapse at the Middle to Late Woodland transition.
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Tesser, C. C. & Hudson, C. M.; (1994): The Forgotten Centuries: Indians and Europeans in the American South, 1521-1704; University of Georgia Press; ISBN-10: 0820316547, ISBN-13: 978-0820316543
Thomas, Cyrus 1890 The Cherokees in Pre-Columbian Times. Hodges, New York, New York. https://ia800908.us.archive.org/28/items/cherokeesinpreco00thom/cherokeesinpreco00thom.pdf
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Thomas, David H. (editor) 1991 Columbian Consequences, Volume 3, The Spanish Borderlands in Pan-American Perspective. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC. ASIN: B0054EI0R2
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SUMMARY
Men make their own history, but they do not make it just as they please; they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves, but under circumstances directly encountered, given and transmitted from the past. The tradition of all the dead generations weighs like a nightmare on the brain of the living.
Tinling, Marion, ed. The Correspondence of The Three William Byrds of Westover, Virginia, 1684-1776, 2 volumes. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1977. ISBN-10: 0813906695, ISBN-13: 978-0813906690
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Tortora, T. J.; (2015): Carolina in Crisis: Cherokees, Colonists, and Slaves in the American Southeast, 1756-1763; University of North Carolina Press; ISBN-10: 1469621223, ISBN-13: 978-1469621227
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Usner, D.H., Jr. 1992. Indians, Settlers, and Slaves in an Frontier Exchange Economy: The Lower Mississippi Valley before 1783. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill ISBN-10: 080784358X, ISBN-13: 978-0807843581 Google Scholar
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ABSTRACT
Pottery termed Colono-Ware was produced by both Indians and Black slaves in the Spanish and British North American colonies. Examples from Apalachee Province of Spanish Florida are very different from those made in the southeastern British colonies or in 16th century Hispaniola. This paper suggests that the varieties of Colono-Ware found in these different colonial contexts reflect local demographic, economic, and acculturative conditions. The European country of origin for the colony also seems to play a role in Colono-Ware design.
W
Walker, W., & Sarbaugh, J. (1993). The Early History of the Cherokee Syllabary. Ethnohistory, 40(1), 70-94. doi:10.2307/482159.
ABSTRACT
In the number and forms of its characters, the printed Cherokee syllabary is virtually the same today as it was in 1828. Before 1828 the characters underwent dramatic changes, which have been attributed in recent decades to missionary influence; but documents written by Sequoyah himself, the testimony of a number of his contemporaries, and the Hicks syllabary of 1825 all suggest that Cherokees alone developed the syllabary and adapted it to the requirements of printing.
Walker, W. (1985). The Roles of Samuel A. Worcester and Elias Boudinot in the Emergence of a Printed Cherokee Syllabic Literature. International Journal of American Linguistics, 51(4), 610-612. Retrieved January 24, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/1265363
Walthall, John A., and Elizabeth D. Benchley 1987 The River L’ Abbe Mission: A French Colonial Church for the Cahokia Illini on Monks Mound. Illinois Historic Preservation Agency, Studies in Archaeology, Number 2, Springfield, Illinois. https://www.academia.edu/8105630/The_River_L_Abbe_Mission_A_French_Colonial_Church_for_the_Cahokia_Illini_on_Monks_Mound_with_Elizabeth_Benchley_
Wardell, Morris L. A Political History of the Cherokee Nation. Norman, Okla.: University of Oklahoma Press, 1938. ASIN: B000MYXTDE
Waring, A., & Holder, P. (1945). A Prehistoric Ceremonial Complex in the Southeastern United States. American Anthropologist, 47(1), new series, 1-34. Retrieved January 24, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/663205. Google Scholar
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Waring, Antonio J. Jr., 1968b Some Recent Thoughts on the Cult. In The Waring Papers. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, edited by Williams, Stephen, 58 : 87–93. Harvard University, Cambridge. ISBN-10: 0873651693, ISBN-13: 978-0873651691
Waselkov, G. (1989). SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY TRADE IN THE COLONIAL SOUTHEAST. Southeastern Archaeology, 8(2), 117-133. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/40712908
Waselkov, G., & Cottier, J. (1985). EUROPEAN PERCEPTIONS OF EASTERN MUSKOGEAN ETHNICITY. Proceedings of the Meeting of the French Colonial Historical Society, 10, 23-45. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/42952151
Waselkov, G., & Cottier, J. (1985). EUROPEAN PERCEPTIONS OF EASTERN MUSKOGEAN ETHNICITY. Proceedings of the Meeting of the French Colonial Historical Society, 10, 23-45. Retrieved January 7, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/42952151
Waselkov, G., & Cottier, J. (1985). EUROPEAN PERCEPTIONS OF EASTERN MUSKOGEAN ETHNICITY. Proceedings of the Meeting of the French Colonial Historical Society, 10, 23-45. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/42952151
Waselkov, G.A. 1993. Historic Creek Indian Responses to European Trade and the Rise of Political Factions. In Ethnohistory and Archaeology: Approaches to Postcontact Change in the Americas, editor by J. Rogers and S. Wilson, pp. 123–131. Plenum Press, New York Google Scholar
ABSTRACT
In the aftermath of the midsixteenth-century Spanish expeditions of exploration and attempted colonization in the interior of southeastern North America, there followed a period lasting over a century during which no serious efforts were made by Europeans to contact directly the indigenous Indian inhabitants of the region. Spanish intrusions had severely disrupted native societies, apparently precipitating widespread population dislocations, massive population loss through introduced diseases, and a significant decline in sociopolitical complexity (Brain 1985:106–107; Ramenofsky 1987; Smith 1987; Thomas 1990:3–222). The ensuing 100-year hiatus in European colonizing efforts allowed protohistoric peoples of the region to reformulate their cultures in the face of drastically changed natural, epidemiological, and cultural-environmental influences, while they remained buffered from face-to-face contacts with Europeans from the coastal areas of Spanish and English settlement.
Waselkov, Gregory A., Brian M. Wood, and Joseph M. Herbert 1982 Colonization and Conquest: The 1980 Archaeological Excavations at Fort Toulouse and Fort Jackson, Alabama. Auburn University Archaeological Monograph 4. Auburn University at Montgomery, Alabama. https://www.academia.edu/2571435/Colonization_and_conquest_the_1980_archaeological_excavations_at_Fort_Toulouse_and_Fort_Jackson_Alabama
Washington, George. The Papers of George Washington, Colonial Series, 10 volumes. Volume 1. Edited by W.W. Abbott. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1983-1995. https://www.loc.gov/collections/george-washington-papers/?fa=partof%3Ageorge+washington+papers%3A+series+1%2C+exercise+books%2C+diaries%2C+and+surveys%2C+1745-1799
Washington, George. The Papers of George Washington, Colonial Series, 10 volumes. Volume 2. Edited by W.W. Abbott. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1983-1995. https://www.loc.gov/collections/george-washington-papers/?fa=partof%3Ageorge+washington+papers%3A+series+2%2C+letterbooks+1754-1799
Washington, George. The Papers of George Washington, Colonial Series, 10 volumes. Volume 3. Edited by W.W. Abbott. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1983-1995. https://www.loc.gov/collections/george-washington-papers/?fa=partof%3Ageorge+washington+papers%3A+series+3%2C+varick+transcripts%2C+1775-1785
Washington, George. The Papers of George Washington, Colonial Series, 10 volumes. Volume 4. Edited by W.W. Abbott. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1983-1995. https://www.loc.gov/collections/george-washington-papers/?fa=partof%3Ageorge+washington+papers%3A+series+4%2C+general+correspondence%2C+1697-1799
Washington, George. The Papers of George Washington, Colonial Series, 10 volumes. Volume 5. Edited by W.W. Abbott. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1983-1995. https://www.loc.gov/collections/george-washington-papers/?fa=partof%3Ageorge+washington+papers%3A+series+5%2C+financial+papers%2C+1750-1796
Washington, George. The Papers of George Washington, Colonial Series, 10 volumes. Volume 6. Edited by W.W. Abbott. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1983-1995. https://www.loc.gov/collections/george-washington-papers/?fa=partof%3Ageorge+washington+papers%3A+series+6%2C+military+papers%2C+1755-1798
Washington, George. The Papers of George Washington, Colonial Series, 10 volumes. Volume 7. Edited by W.W. Abbott. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1983-1995. https://www.loc.gov/collections/george-washington-papers/?fa=partof%3Ageorge+washington+papers%3A+series+7%2C+applications+for+office%2C+1789-1796
Washington, George. The Papers of George Washington, Colonial Series, 10 volumes. Volume 8. Edited by W.W. Abbott. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1983-1995. https://www.loc.gov/collections/george-washington-papers/?fa=partof%3Ageorge+washington+papers%3A+series+8%2C+miscellaneous+papers%2C+1738-1799
Washington, George. The Papers of George Washington, Colonial Series, 10 volumes. Volume 9. Edited by W.W. Abbott. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1983-1995. https://www.loc.gov/collections/george-washington-papers/?fa=partof%3Ageorge+washington+papers%3A+series+9%2C+addenda%2C+circa+1732-1943
Watson, Samuel; (2018): Military Learning and Adaptation Shaped by Social Context: The U.S. Army and Its "Indian Wars," 1790-1890; Journal of Military History. Apr 2018, Vol. 82 Issue 2, p373-438. 66p. 3 Black and White Photographs, 2 Charts, 2 Maps. https://www.smh-hq.org/jmh/jmhvols/822.html
ABSTRACT
The regular army, rather than citizen-soldiers, drove nineteenth-century U.S. military history (apart from the Civil War). The national standing army was crucial to the defeat of Native Americans, and more important than citizen-soldiers or white pressure on Native American subsistence. Despite new circumstances west of the Mississippi River, the contexts and methods of this warfare did not fundamentally change, and learning (or relearning) and adaptation were crucial to the army’s success. The most important learning was strategic, particularly in lessons of patience, persistence, and control over the initiation and conduct of warfare, and responded to external, non-military contexts (the tug of war between citizen land hunger and tax aversion). Army learning and adaptation did not win these wars by itself, but it facilitated the effective and successful use of force at a cost the nation was willing to pay, and reduced the incidence of large-scale atrocity in comparison with operations by citizen-soldiers.
Way, R. (1919). The United States Factory System for Trading with the Indians, 1796-1822. The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 6(2), 220-235. Retrieved January 24, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/1889430. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/1889430.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3Aaa2ad3a6048d12e6f98aab2a79c48b6c
Webb, W. 1974 Indian Knoll. University of Tennessee Press Knoxville. Webb, William S., and David L. DeJarnette 1942 An archaeological survey of the Pickwick Basin in the adjacent parts of the states of Alabama, Mississippi, and Tennessee. Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institute, Bulletin, 129, Washington. https://library.si.edu/digital-library/book/bulletin1291942smit https://ia800209.us.archive.org/33/items/bulletin1291942smit/bulletin1291942smit.pdf
Webb, W.; (1938); An Archaeological Survey of the Norris Basin in Eastern Tennessee. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 118. Smithsonian Institution. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. ASIN: B0012KO0BM
David J. Weber, D. J.; (2000): The Spanish Frontier in North America, OAH Magazine of History, Volume 14, Issue 4, Summer 2000, Pages 3–4, https://doi.org/10.1093/maghis/14.4.3 https://watermark.silverchair.com/14-4-3.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAAnAwggJsBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggJdMIICWQIBADCCAlIGCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMKWwHLGGqbxJS-niOAgEQgIICIy1T-ZurGYRIcpkoOmnGP8wsWxsYIAtQ1Z48YONGJZgGCEJ_1UlY_eNjV1ZQO8rmoPDkx33dL1_b18-38pmMvgsH5L1POqzX0_mFwL4gclZh61nK-3ZsamwOUAtq36k_L4ebTD2FHcHy51YlfrZ6T_fae6MUkNiHvuNmOIg9LGXpv6c8dpPFEA5YMASC0HpvedkkMWB5omJB74lQbB__2rOtLdqpPszBfmR8X1WiGxj8ouvxgXvFeq6gw49MM7aETvvSsNrkN_ZBGD3FTTzqQWoOnDwMURH2XyXsToRAn7Dbu1omW5zTgMxP_iTsfxsz0CCtOzcQt8VxLrKcOq_uP9T3ONZQXwUuzjz1milu15TZQeEYkXboIpOMHHTC_B8PlfmNWhoMaGEgyQnGyJyDMK91iO3Z9CHjS1B0iEFry2WJD2eJhIjzwuGuPgTKu4VIe6HNNCImpF62ijF2XXjZzlUUJ1wWPrTVsaloOroxMqOED1BG63PmnF78p0U7CgLCCCgUuMS2ayjKu8lwKLvdEMbOHIJhBLqzSYyVAUKL82fHFaiAXv5ha2gUwHIm-bLtG9Ey9XkZiXcyX178Ql3ghzH2AwRCngGWQYLUVXDmXjyiJQiz2PhKcRQ3t82ivgyBxtZqtHIk6t1lRMo6SA1VuMOPufDPzyuJTEGLh6JyJwfr_xOY2xlzewIParZDCY7xWTRLCwbWK4QnHG7KQ6xhmkHz3o0 Google Scholar
Weeks, C. A.; (2010). Of Rattlesnakes, Wolves, and Tigers: A Harangue at the Chickasaw Bluffs, 1796. The William and Mary Quarterly, 67(3), 487-518. doi:10.5309/willmaryquar.67.3.487
Weinfeld, M., John J. Sigal, William W. Eaton, Long-Term Effects of the Holocaust on Selected Social Attitudes and Behaviors of Survivors: A Cautionary Note, Social Forces, Volume 60, Issue 1, September 1981, Pages 1–19, https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/60.1.1. Google Scholar
ABSTRACT
A random sample of Jewish survivors of the Holocaust in Montreal is compared with two Jewish control groups. Modest or insignificant differences were found on measures of perceived anti-Semitism, economic and political satisfaction, social segregation, economic achievement, and propensity to migrate from Quebec. The findings caution against overgeneralization of a clinical construct, the survivor syndrome, and point to the need for further research into the remarkable capacities of human beings to overcome the most severe forms of victimization.
Welch, P. D. 1990 Mississippian Emergence in West-Central Alabama. In The Mississippian Emergence, edited by Smith, B. D., pp. 197–226. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. ISBN-10: 0817354522, ISBN-13: 978-0817354527 Google Scholar
Whitaker, A. (1926). The Muscle Shoals Speculation, 1783-1789. The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 13(3), 365-386. Retrieved January 7, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/1893112
Whitaker, A. (1927). SPAIN AND THE CHEROKEE INDIANS, 1783-98. The North Carolina Historical Review, 4(3), 252-269. Retrieved January 7, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/23516350
Whitaker, Arthur Preston.; The Spanish-American Frontier, 1783-1795: The Westward Movement and the Spanish Retreat in the Mississippi Valley. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1927. ISBN-10: 1258356376, ISBN-13: 978-1258356378
Whitbeck, L.B.; Adams, G. W.; Hoyt, D. R.; & Chen, X.; (2004): Conceptualizing and Measuring Historical Trauma Among American Indian People; American Journal of Community Psychology; Volume 33, Issue 3 – 4, June 2004, Pgs 119 – 130.
ABSTRACT
This article reports on the development of two measures relating to historical trauma among American Indian people: The Historical Loss Scale and The Historical Loss Associated Symptoms Scale. Measurement characteristics including frequencies, internal reliability, and confirmatory factor analyses were calculated based on 143 American Indian adult parents of children aged 10 through 12 years who are part of an ongoing longitudinal study of American Indian families in the upper Midwest. Results indicate both scales have high internal reliability. Frequencies indicate that the current generation of American Indian adults have frequent thoughts pertaining to historical losses and that they associate these losses with negative feelings. Two factors of the Historical Loss Associated Symptoms Scale indicate one anxiety/depression component and one anger/avoidance component. The results are discussed in terms of future research and theory pertaining to historical trauma among American Indian people.
Whiteaker, L. H.; (2006): Tennessee State of the Nation; Cengage Learning 4th Edition; ISBN-10: 1133442021, ISBN-13: 978-1133442028
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Wilkins, Thurman.; Cherokee Tragedy: The Story of the Ridge Family and the Decimation of a People. New York: Macmillan Co., 1970. ISBN-10: 9780806121888, ISBN-13: 978-0806121888, ASIN: 0806121882
Williams, C. L., and Berry, J. W. (1991). Primary prevention of acculturative stress among refugees: Application of psychological theory and practice. American Psychologist, 46 (6), 632–641. PubMed CrossRef Google Scholar
ABSTRACT
Primary prevention in refugee mental health requires information from clinical, health, and cross-cultural psychology. Primary prevention's roots are in public health, which is distinguished by a communitywide perspective for addressing mental health concerns. This article summarizes research suggesting that refugees are an at-risk population, making them especially suitable for public health interventions. Research on stress and acculturation is highlighted, given its importance to prevention in refugee mental health. The opportunities for primary prevention programs and policies at 3 levels (i.e., local community, national, and international) are illustrated with case examples from both the United States and Canada. Prevention at the international level is highlighted by a World Health Organization Mental Health Mission to camps on the Thai-Cambodian border.
Williams, S. (1931). AN ACCOUNT OF THE PRESBYTERIAN MISSION TO THE CHEROKEES, 1757-1759. Tennessee Historical Magazine, 1(2), 125-138. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/42638065
Williams, S. (1964). President Washington's Message to the Chickasaw Nation. Jahrbuch Für Amerikastudien, 9, 145-148. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/41155276
Williams, S. (1964). President Washington's Message to the Chickasaw Nation. Jahrbuch Für Amerikastudien, 9, 145-148. Retrieved January 7, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/41155276
Williams, S. (1964). President Washington's Message to the Chickasaw Nation. Jahrbuch Für Amerikastudien, 9, 145-148. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/41155276
Williams, S. C. (editor) 1930 Adair's History of the American Indians. Watauga Press, Johnson City, Tennessee. https://www.abebooks.com/first-edition/ADAIRS-HISTORY-AMERICAN-INDIANS-Williams-Samuel/18607005984/bd
Williams, Samuel Cole (Editor) 1927 Henry Timberlake, Memoirs. Watauga Press, Johnson City, Tennessee. ISBN-10: 1494042398, ISBN-13: 978-1494042394
Williams, Samuel Cole 1928 Early Travels in the Tennessee Country 1540-1800. The Watauga Press, Johnson City, Tennessee. ASIN: B000K7MGKU
Williams, Samuel Cole 1937 Dawn of Tennessee Valley and Tennessee History. The Watauga Press, Johnson City, Tennessee. ASIN: B002M3I9FG
Williams, Samuel Cole 1944 Tennessee During the Revolutionary War. Tennessee Historical Commission, Nashville, Tennessee. ISBN-10: 0870491555, ISBN-13: 978-0870491559
Williams, Stephen 1977 The Waring Papers. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archeology and Ethnology. Volume 58. Harvard University ISBN-10: 0873651693, ISBN-13: 978-0873651691
Willis, William Shedrick 1955 Colonial Conflict and the Cherokee Indians, 1710-1760. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Political Science, Columbia University, New York. https://www.worldcat.org/title/colonial-conflict-and-the-cherokee-indians-1710-1760/oclc/2405575
Willoughby, Charles C. 1932 History and Symbolism of the Muskhogeans. In Etowah Papers, pp. 7–67. Phillips Academy, Andover. https://www.worldcat.org/title/etowah-papers/oclc/1034668722
Winters, H. D. (1981). Excavating in museums: Notes on Mississippian hoes and Middle Woodland copper gouges and celts. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 376: 17–34. Google Scholar
SUMMARY
Specimens from museum collections can be restudied to provide new data. Notable advancesin techniques for interpreting the functions of classes of prehistoric lithic artifacts have been made although such assignments tend to be based on ethnographic analogy or intuitive correlations between form and function. Middle Woodland items have been improperly identified. This study considers distribution, context, physical attributes, evidence of use, style, special characteristics, and a category of "other considerations." The copper celts and gouges are sociotechnic items symbolic of wealth and status. The second project reported involved the recording of data on hoes in eight museum collections dating from the 18th and 19th centuries; the provenience data of the artifacts were limited to county and state. Old collections must be adequately preserved to be useful for modern research.
Witthoft, J. (1946). Bird lore of the Eastern Cherokee. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 36(11), 372-384. Retrieved January 16, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/24531907
Wittry, W. L. (1973). The American woodhenge. In Fowler, M. L. (ed.), Explorations into Cahokia Archaeology. Illinois Archaeological Survey Bulletin 7: 43–48 (rev. ed.). https://uofi.app.box.com/s/8bs19ursyha764oplt35
Wolf, E. R. 1982 Europe and the People Without History. University of California Press, Berkeley. Google Scholar | PubMed
ABSTRACT
An account of the journey around the world by the Austrian ship's doctor Eduard Schwarz on a sailing ship from 1857 to 1859, his successful cure of nightblindness among the sailors, and how he was maligned by some of the Viennese medical press for his view that nightblindness is a nutritional disorder.
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Woodward, G. S.; (1982): The Cherokees, University of Oklahoma Press; ISBN-10: 9780806118154, ISBN-13: 978-0806118154, ASIN: 0806118156
Woodward, Grace Steele. The Cherokees. The Civilization of the American Indian Series, Vol. 65. Norman, OK: U of Oklahoma P, 1963. ISBN-10: 9780806118154, ISBN-13: 978-0806118154, ASIN: 0806118156
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Wright, H. (Ed.). (1984). Late Quaternary Environments of the United States: Volume 2. University of Minnesota Press. Retrieved January 15, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/10.5749/j.ctttt09b
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Wunder, J. (2000). "Merciless Indian Savages" and the Declaration of Independence: Native Americans Translate the Ecunnaunuxulgee Document. American Indian Law Review, 25(1), 65-92. doi:10.2307/20070651
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Yarnell, R. A, Maher, T. O., & Black, M. J.; (1993) A bibliography of Aboriginal Archaeological Plant Food Remains From Eastern North America 1901 – 1991; Research Report 11; Research Laboratories of Anthropology, University of Nowth Carolina, Chapel Hill; http://www.rla.unc.edu/Publications/pdf/ResRep11.pdf
Yerkes, R.W. The Woodland and Mississippian traditions in the prehistory of Midwestern North America. J World Prehist 2, 307–358 (1988) doi:10.1007/BF00975619
ABSTRACT
Cultural developments in Midwestern North America between 5000 and 400 B.P. are reviewed and related to two overlapping, but contrasting, cultural traditions: Woodland and Mississippian. Significant changes in prehistoric subsistence systems, settlement patterns, and sociopolitical organization are reviewed within a three-division framework, beginning with a Transitional period (5000–2000 B.P.) when Late Archaic and Early Woodland societies “settled into” different regions, constructed regional markers (cemeteries, mounds, earthworks), and established economic and social relations with both neighboring and more distant groups. This was followed by the Middle Woodland period (2000–1500 B.P.) that is associated with the Hopewell “climax” of long-distance exchange of exotic materials, mound building, and ceremonial activities, although all Middle Woodland groups did not participate in this “Hopewell interaction sphere.” In the Late Prehistoric period (1500–400 B.P.), the Woodland tradition persisted in some areas, while the Mississippian tradition developed from local Late Woodland societies elsewhere. Finally, the patterns of interaction between the two traditions are discussed.
Yerkes, R. W. (1983). Microwear, microdrills, and Mississippian craft specialization. American Antiquity 48: 499–518. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/280558 Google Scholar
Yerkes, R. W. (1986). Late Archaic settlement and subsistence in the American Bottom. In Neusius, S. W. (ed.), Foraging, Collecting, and Harvesting: Archaic Period Subsistence and Settlement in the Eastern Woodlands. Southern Illinois University Center for Archaeological Investigations, Occasional Paper 7: 225–246. ISBN-10: 0881040584, ISBN-13: 978-0881040586
Yerkes, R. W.; (1986): Prehistoric Life on the Mississippi Floodplain: Stone Tool Use, Settlement Organization, and Subsistence Practices at the Labras Lake Site, Illinois; University of Chicago Press; ISBN-10: 0226951510, ISBN-13: 978-0226951515
Yerkes, R. W. (1987a). Prehistoric Life on the Mississippi Floodplain, University of Chicago Press, Chicago. ISBN-10: 0226951502, ISBN-13: 978-0226951508 Google Scholar
Yerkes, R. W. (1988c). Shell bead production and exchange in prehistoric Mississippian populations. In Ceci, L., and Hayes, C. F., III (eds.), Proceedings of the 1986 Shell Bead Conference. Rochester Museum and Science Center, Research Paper (in press). https://www.academia.edu/284801/Shell_Bead_Production_and_Exchange_In_Prehistoric_Mississippian_Populations
Yerkes, R. W. (ed.) (1988d). Interpretations of culture change in the Eastern Woodlands during the Late Woodland period. Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Occasional Papers in Anthropology 3. https://www.worldcat.org/title/interpretations-of-culture-change-in-the-eastern-woodlands-during-the-late-woodland-period/oclc/742271441/editions?editionsView=true&referer=br
Yerkes, R. (1988e). The Woodland and Mississippian Traditions in the Prehistory of Midwestern North America. Journal of World Prehistory, 2(3), 307-358. Retrieved January 11, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/25800545
ABSTRACT
Cultural developments in Midwestern North America between 5000 and 400 B.P. are reviewed and related to two overlapping, but contrasting, cultural traditions: Woodland and Mississippian. Significant changes in prehistoric subsistence systems, settlement patterns, and sociopolitical organization are reviewed within a three-division framework, beginning with a Transitional period (5000–2000 B.P.) when Late Archaic and Early Woodland societies "settled into" different regions, constructed regional markers (cemeteries, mounds, earthworks), and established economic and social relations with both neighboring and more distant groups. This was followed by the Middle Woodland period (2000–1500 B.P.) that is associated with the Hopewell "climax" of long-distance exchange of exotic materials, mound building, and ceremonial activities, although all Middle Woodland groups did not participate in this "Hopewell interaction sphere." In the Late Prehistoric period (1500–400 B.P.). the Woodland tradition persisted in some areas, while the Mississippian tradition developed from local Late Woodland societies elsewhere. Finally, the patterns of interaction between the two traditions are discussed.
Young, M. (1981). The Cherokee Nation: Mirror of the Republic. American Quarterly, 33(5), 502-524. doi:10.2307/2712800
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Zimmerman, L. 1997. Remythologizing the Relationship Between Archaeologists and Indians. In Native Americans and Archaeologists: Stepping Stones to Common Ground, editor by N. Swidler, K. Dongoske, R. Anyon and A. Downer, pp. 44–56. AltaMira Press, Walnut Creek, CA ASIN: B00F1WJRQ0
Zimmerman, L. 2005 First, be Humble: Working with Indigenous Peoples and other descendant communities. In Indigenous Archaeologies: Decolonizing Theory and Practice, editor by C. Smith and H. Martin Wobst, pp. 301–314. London: Routledge ISBN-10: 0415589061, ISBN-13: 978-0415589062