Do Not Plagiarize, Give Credit to Those Who Did The Work
This Two Volume Set Contains about one fifth (1/5) of our documentation
References
The following materials have been viewed and may exist in various forms in discussions about the existence of the Chickamauga
Alpha Numeric Order
‘Just and lawful war’ as genocidal war in the (United States) Northwest Ordinance and Northwest Territory, 1787–1832; Jeffrey Ostler; Pages 1-20 | Published online: 03 Feb 2016 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14623528.2016.1120460
ABSTRACT
This article focuses on the United States Northwest Ordinance of 1787's profession of ‘utmost good faith’ towards Indians and its provision for ‘just and lawful wars’ against them. As interpreted by US officials as they authorized and practised war against native communities in the Northwest Territory from 1787 to 1832, the ‘just and lawful wars’ clause legalized wars of ‘extirpation’ or ‘extermination’, terms synonymous with genocide by most definitions, against native people who resisted US demands that they cede their lands. Although US military operations seldom achieved extirpation, this was due to their ineptness and the success of indigenous strategies rather than an absence of intention. When US military forces did succeed in achieving their objective, the result was massacre, as revealed in the Black Hawk War of 1832. US policy did not call for genocide in the first instance, preferring that Indians embrace the gift of civilization in exchange for their lands. Should Indians reject this display of ‘utmost good faith’, however, US policy legalized genocidal war against them.
“Elias Boudinot: A North Georgia Notable.” About North Georgia. 26 September 2002. http://ngeorgia.com/people/boudinot.html
INTRODUCTION
Elias Boudinot was the college-educated Cherokee Indian, son of Oo-watie and brother of Stand Watie and a nephew of Major Ridge who attended the Moravian School established by James Vann at Spring Place. While attending the American Board college in Cornwall, Connecticut, he met and married Harriet Gold. This marriage would greatly influence him, since he discovered that a "virulent racism" existed in white society when the town forced the school to close because of the marriage.
“Sequoyah (a.k.a. George Gist): A North Georgia Notable” About North Georgia. 26 September 2002. http://ngeorgia.com/people/sequoyah.html
ABSTRACT
Near the town of Tanasee, and not far from the almost mythical town of Chote lies Taskigi (Tuskeegee), one of the many places that may have been home of Sequoyah. Wut-teh, the daughter of a Cherokee Chief married Nathaniel Gist, a Virginia fur trader. The warrior Sequoyah was born of this union in 1776.
“Sequoyah’s Talking Leaves.” About North Georgia. 26 September 2002. http://ngeorgia.com/history/alphabet.html
ABSTRACT
Realizing a key to development of the Cherokee Nation was a written language, Sequoyah began work on a graphic representation of the Cherokee language. The syllabary, officially listed as being completed in 1821, took 12 years to create. Sequoyah came up with the idea of "Talking Leaves" when he visited Chief Charles Hicks, who showed him how to write his name so he could sign his work like American silversmiths had begun to do.
1980; Age, paleomagnetism, and tectonic significance of the Elberton granite, northeast Georgia piedmont. Journal of Geophysical Research Fairbanks, Charles H. 85:6521-6533. https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/JB085iB11p06521
ABSTRACT
The Rb/Sr whole rock age of 350±11 m.y., the remanent magnetism (RM), and petrology of samples from 21 sites within the granitic Elberton pluton (NE Georgia) have been determined. Two partially conflicting estimates of tectonic rotation are developed and evaluated. The first, based on the orientation of the magnetic foliation within the body and its reorientation, assuming an originally horizontal upper granite contact and coincident magnetic fabric, requires a post emplacement rotation of 30°–35° down to the SE about a N‐NE axis. The second, based on reorienting the body so that the pole determined for the granite before tilt correction (ϕ = 120.3; θ = 54.7; dp = 2.2; dm = 4.5) becomes coincident with an independently reported mean 350 m.y. B.P. paleopole (ϕ = 120; θ = 47), indicates a postemplacement rotation for the body of ∼15° down to the NW along a E‐NE axis. While these tilt estimates are different, they do have two very important points in common, namely, that the strike of rotation is similar and the magnitude of rotation is small. We conclude from these data that no major structural reorientation or relocation of the Elberton granite is necessary to produce a pole position consistent with the 350 m.y. Rb/Sr whole rock age. We suggest that the tilting of the granite (if any) that may have occurred resulted from uplift of the Inner Piedmont, with the Elberton pluton isolated within a rigid crustal block bounded by NE‐SW trending faults moving in response to that uplift. Our interpretation of these data is not consistent with a post 350 m.y. major continental collision event, with concurrent large‐scale thrust fault motion, involving the Southern Appalachians of North America. This conclusion is reinforced by tectonic analyses based on the regional gravity gradient and on oxygen isotopic data reported for late orogenic granites in the Southern Piedmont.
A
A Post-Exceptionalist Perspective on Early American History: American Wests, Global Wests, and Indian Wars; Carroll P. Kakel III https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-3-030-21305-3#page=119
ABSTRACT
This chapter looks at how the earlier North American precedent—especially its brutal treatment of Indian peoples—served as inspiration, legitimation, and model for a number of late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century imperial-colonial projects. In support of this claim, it sketches the historical experiences of the American Philippines, 1898–1946; the Japanese Colonial Empire, 1869–1919; and the German Colonial Empire, 1884–1919—noting how contemporaries viewed each of these geographically dispersed imperial-colonial projects through the lens of the Anglo-American settler-colonial supplanting project. In each of the cases surveyed, it also discusses the usage and significance of the Anglo-American colonial trope of Indian wars.
Abernethy, T. P.; The Territorial Papers of the United States. Volume IV, The Territory South of the River Ohio, 1790–1796. Edited by Clarence Edwin Carter. (Washington: Government Printing Office. 1936. Pp. ix, 517. $1.75.), The American Historical Review, Volume 43, Issue 1, October 1937, Pages 155–156, https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr/43.1.155.
Aboriginal Sites on Tennessee River. (1915); Journal of the Academy of Sciences of Philadelphia Vol. XVI.]
INTRODUCTION
That subdivision of the United States of America known as the State of Tennessee takes its name from that of two or more Cherokee settlements. 1 The meaning of the word (Tānāsi) has not been determined. The archaeology of few States of the Union has been more widely described than has that of Tennessee, especially the region having the city of Nashville as a center.
Abrams, E. (1987). Economic specialization and construction personnel in Classic period Copan, Honduras. American Antiquity 52: 485–499. Google Scholar
ABSTRACT
The degree of development of specialist positions associated with large-scale construction at the Maya site of Copan, Honduras, is evaluated. The methodology used involves the quantification of energy, in human labor, which was expended in the construction of Str. 10L-22, a major palace in the Main Center of Copan. The results suggest that few specialists were required, and that the vast majority of construction personnel were unspecialized conscripts. Moreover, the absolute energetic investment was low, suggesting that energetic expenditures in largescale architecture could not have been a major source of stress on the Late Classic Maya socioeconomic system.
Abrams, E. (2009). Hopewell Archaeology: A View from the Northern Woodlands. Journal of Archaeological Research, 17(2), 169-204. Retrieved January 14, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/41053261
ABSTRACT
A tremendous amount of research on Hopewellian societies in the Northern Woodlands of the United States has been conducted within the last decade.This article summarizes the main themes and directions of that current research and presents a general model of Hopewellian societies. Local communities appear to have been small in size and relatively sedentary; sets of these communities shared a greater sense of cultural identity within a lineage and possibly clan organization, with each riverine drainage system occupied by a mosaic of lineages. Each in turn was spatially centered on specific clusters of religious, nonresidential public architecture. Alliances were based on a number of historically shifting variables, including religion, kinship, politics, and economics. It is suggested that future research continue existing methodologies and analyses and consider new ecological, genetic, and ideological research as a means of adding greater local historic nuance to this general model of Hopewellian societies.
Adair, J.; (1775); The History of the American Indians. E. and C. Dilly, London. ISBN-10: 154312724X, ISBN-13: 978-1543127249
Adams, John Quincy; Memoirs of John Quincy Adams Comprising Portions of his Diary from 1795 to 1848; Edited by Charles Francis Adams; 12 vols. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1875.
https://books.googleusercontent.com/books/content?req=AKW5QadveigrN1op1kw5dSYIbh6UUSwyT9A0Q5sFVyPjysS6c7_YdKkKY7pAdY0uKnggcgiWRc5mchVzNe8DLe7VFTkcHoEQ-lDgUPaQxkuhmumAWWxgijeWvNzYzJ8ZmVpaUHFnFfRdtRVGZ_zHHZdToHdZlI5IX-pLKUIWzuFCwSseBdwA8C2FdEf3tB7i7UAA5sXTcuxo6L_Z7Y9ulX06EngM2nOvLB4XEkmSdVBrZLG6otyDW99Ycr-oRCt4KMqiAyBMQ2cLP2EytXazAk0UFAc2bwN20g
Alden, John Richard. Robert Dinwiddie; Servant of the Crown. Williamsburg: Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 1973. ISBN-10: 0879350024, ISBN-13: 978-0879350024
Alderman, P.; (1986): The Overmountain Men; Overmountain Press; ISBN-10: 0932807151, ISBN-13: 978-0932807151
Allen, Ben and Dennis T. Lawson; 1967: The Wataugans and the “Dangerous Example.” Tennessee Historical Quarterly, Volume 26, pp. 137-147. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42622934?seq=1
Allen, R. 0. 1975, The application of instrumental neutron activation analysis to a study of prehistoric steatite artifacts and source materials. Archaeometry 1:69-83. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1475-4754.1975.tb00116.x
ABSTRACT
A study of the trace and minor element content of steatite artifacts from the Eastern United States has been carried out. Samples from both quarry and habitation sites ranging from New York to North Carolina have been analyzed through the use of instrumental neutron activation analysis. The most successful method of evaluating data has involved the study of a very coherent group of elements known as the Rare Earths. Geological processes cause fractionation of this group and it is this fractionation which is of use in terms of characterizing the source deposits of this material. Promising but less definitive results have been obtained with the elements scandium, chromium, cobalt and others. Sufficient variations have been found to be present in the source deposits of steatite in this area to enable differentiation, and the successful linking of samples from habitation sites to their quarry deposits has been achieved in some cases.
This paper discusses the results of this study to date, the methods employed, and the potential value of this work in helping to reconstruct prehistoric trading systems.
Allen, R.O., and R. Pennell 1978; Rare earth element distribution patterns to characterize soapstone artifacts. Archaeological Chemistry (Vol. II). Paper 14. American Chemical Society https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ba-1978-0171.ch014
ABSTRACT
The rare earth element (REE) concentrations measured in soapstone artifacts can be used as "fingerprints" to match the artifacts to the geological source of the soapstone. Instrumental neutron activation analysis was used to measure 20 trace elements in over 700 samples of soapstone from artifacts and geological outcrops. The variations between samples from the same geological formation were small even though they differed considerably in mineralogy. Different outcrops or formations could be distinguished based upon their trace element contents, especially by using the relative distributions of the REE. Matching artifacts and quarries in eastern North America suggests that much of the prehistoric use of soapstone was from nearby (75-100 km away) sources. There are also cases of resource procurement from distant (> 200 km) quarries.
Alverez, A; (2014): Native America and the Question of Genocide; Rowman & Littlefield Publishers; ISBN-10: 1442225815, ISBN-13: 978-1442225817
American State Papers, Class 2: Indian Affairs. Ed. Walter Lowrie, Walter S. Franklin, and Matthew St. Clair Clarke. 2 vols. Washington, D.C.: Gales and Seaton, 1832, 1834.
American State Papers: Documents, Legislative and Executive, of the Congress of the United States; Edited by Walter Lourie and Walter Franklin. Indian Affairs. 2 vols. Washington, D. C.: Gales and Seaton, 1834.
Anderson W. L. and Lewis J. A.; (1995) A Guide to Cherokee Documents in Foreign Archives; Scarecrow Press; ISBN-10: 081081630X, ISBN-13: 978-0810816305
Anderson, David G. and Joseph Schulderein 1983; Mississippian period settlement in the Southern Piedmont: evidence from the Rucker's Bottom Site, Elbert County, Georgia. Paper presented at the Society for American Archeology, Pittsburgh. http://pidba.org/anderson/cv/Anderson%20and%20Schuldenrein%201983%20SA.pdf
ABSTRACT
Multidisciplinary investigations at a small fourteenth and fifteenth century Mississippian village in northeastern Georgia are summarized. Changes in village organization, subsistence, and relative population health are evident over the approximately two centuries of occupation. These changes - the appearance of fortifications, a more focused subsistence economy, and a moderate improvement in overall skeletal health-appear linked to a pattern of both increasing political centralization, and increasing intensive use of agriculture in the upper Savannah River area.
Anderson, G. C.; (2016): The Native Peoples of the American West: Genocide or Ethnic Cleansing?, Western Historical Quarterly, Volume 47, Issue 4, Winter 2016, Pages 407–434, https://academic.oup.com/whq/article-abstract/47/4/407/2418094?redirectedFrom=fulltext
ABSTRACT
The crimes committed against American Indians have been a prominent part of the historiography of North America. More recently, the problem has been defining these crimes. This article attempts to establish a workable definition that can be applied to the period of contact and, in particular, to the American West.
If western history has a common thread, it is that conquest and violence went hand in hand. This is not to say that American history east of the Mississippi River is devoid of such a theme; the despicable treatment of black slaves in the South, the Irish in northern cities, or even specific Native groups themselves belies such an argument. But in the West, government officials, army officers, and common settlers often found themselves in disputes...
Annual Report of the American Historical Association for the Year 1945. Volume II, Spain in the Mississippi Valley. 1765-1794. Edited by Lawrence Kinnaird. Part I, The Revolutionary Period: 1765-1781. Washington, D.C.: G.P.O., 1949
Annual Report of the American Historical Association for the Year 1945. Volume III Spain in the Mississippi Valley. 1765-1791. Edited by Lawrence Kinnaird. Part II, Post War Decade. 1782 – 1791. Washington, D. C. G. P. 0, 1946.
Annual Report of the American Historical Association for the Year 1945, Volume IV. Spain in the Mississippi Valley, 1765-1794. Edited by Lawrence Kinnaird. Part III, Problems of Frontier Defense, 1792-1794. Washington, D.C.: G.P:o., 1946.
https://books.googleusercontent.com/books/content?req=AKW5QafT_UobahaYBUDH0kIu9rtxD4ahKUvDm1AMMt-_XSdgJSyBLTKoIzAvVIXK1a1YmCY6_osmIwHEPIyEbvnA03y4-G8m2b576zrbv5jN-EpobEHIb71XW-bVkawq2zvPOSScThyTb18XDWcOrq6_ugQvpSydYO0EU_HtjW4tzVPvnPJQfvbRpHA0JJJWXrJgoLacDmY-42jB244PBbAhm1EoClBmA3XloJ95CAP41XZtzyXwgFcJXycc355K3GVp-LlzsP4bXJj0R6jJ1kE1o4y608alva7cfogTbTYQEGOlmnqCzdI
April K. Sievert (1994) The Detection of Ritual Tool Use Through Functional Analysis: Comparative Examples from the Spiro and Angel Sites, Lithic Technology, 19:2, 146-156, DOI: 10.1080/01977261.1994.11720919
Archaeological Testing at 40HA84, (1995); Audubon Acres, Chattanooga. Tennessee Research Contributions, Number 6, Jeffrey L. Brown Institute of Archaeology, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga.
http://scholar.utc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1051&context=archaeology-reports
ABSTRACT
During May and June of 1993 and 1994, a urc field school conducted test excavations at 40HA84 in Chattanooga. Tennessee. Sixty square meters of surface area were screened using 1/4- inch mesh, resulting in the discovery of 40 prehistoric features extending below the plow zonc. Several postholes and other features contained 13769 prehistoric artifacts, while the plow zone contained 21704 artifacts. The vast majority of these remains are auociated with the late Mississippian period. Two histaic gl beads and one clay bead were found in the plow zone, while a single clay bead wu recovered from a shallow Rciangular pit containing exclusively shelltempered ceramics. According to Malvin Smith, these beads have 16th-century attributions, although they are also found in later contexts.
Author, John Preston; 1914; History of Western North Carolina from 1730-1913. Edwards and Broughton, Raleigh, North Carolina.
https://ia802704.us.archive.org/16/items/westernnorthcaro00arth/westernnorthcaro00arth.pdf
Avery, George 1997 Pots As Packaging: The Spanish Olive Jar and Andalucian Transatlantic Commercial Activity, 16th–18th Centuries. Doctoral dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville. University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, MI.Google Scholar https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=5514726
ABSTRACT
This study will integrate the methods of four disciplines--archaeology, history, geology, and material sciences--within an anthropological framework to investigate the effects of the American market on colonial period production strategy in 16th-18th century Andalusia. The focus will be on the 350 year story of an artifact which was manufactured explicitly for the Habsburg transatlantic commercial venture--the Spanish olive jar. The Spanish olive jar was the maritime transport container for wine and olive oil and, as such, is a part of the amphora tradition. Studies of the amphoras antiquity will be reviewed to generate a model of ceramic packaging production associated with the maritime transport of liquid commodities. The data base will be generated from the following: (1) survey of historical documents to investigate olive jar production levels, organization of labor, and marketing/commercial use; (2) mineralogical analysis of olive jar sherds and comparison to geological survey data from Spain to determine olive jar production locality; and (3) technological analysis to investigate method of olive jar manufacture
Axtell, J. 1997. The Indians’ New South: Cultural Change in the Colonial Southeast. Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge ISBN-10: 0807121711, ISBN-13: 978-0807121719 Google Scholar
W. Stitt Robinson, James Axtell. The Invasion Within: The Contest of Cultures in Colonial North America. (Cultural Origins of North America.) New York: Oxford University Press. 1985. Pp. xv, 389, The American Historical Review, Volume 92, Issue 5, December 1987, Pages 1179–1180, https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr/92.5.1179
Aznar Vallejo, Eduardo 1983 La integraciín de las Islas Canarias en la Corona de Castilla (1487–1526). Aspectos administrativos, sociales y económicos. Ediciones Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain. ISBN-10: 8460032434, ISBN-13: 978-8460032434 Google Scholar
B
Babson, Jane F.; 1968; The Architecture of Early Illinois Forts. Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society (Spring 1968), pp. 9-40. Springfield, Illinois. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40190493?seq=1
Baby, R. (1971). Prehistoric architecture: A study of house types in the Ohio Valley. Ohio Journal of Science 71: 195–198. https://kb.osu.edu/bitstream/handle/1811/5622/V?sequence=1 Google Scholar
Baden, William W.; 1983; Tomotley: An Eighteenth-Century Cherokee Village. University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, Report of Investigations, Number 36, and Tennessee Valley Authority Publications in Anthropology, Number 35, Knoxville, Tennessee. https://www.academia.edu/3692899/Tomotley_An_Eighteenth_Century_Cherokee_Village
Baerreis, D. A., Bryson, R. A., and Kutzbach, J. E. (1976). Climate and culture in the western Great Lakes region. Mid-Continental Journal of Archaeology 1: 39–57. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20707783?seq=1 Google Scholar
ABSTRACT
The pioneer contributions of James B. Griffin to an understanding of the relationships between climate and culture change are noted in an historical review. Stress is placed upon his development of two hypotheses: the decline of Hopewell around A.D. 200 on the northern periphery as the consequence of the onset of a cool-moist period; and the spread of Middle Mississippi during a favorable mild episode followed by its shift to Upper Mississippi during a cold period of A.D. 1200 to 1700. New developments in paleoclimatology are summarized, including the analysis of radiocarbon dates to establish synchroneity of climate episodes, the development of mathematical transfer functions to interpret the climate implications of tree-ring sequences and pollen cores, and the greater precision involved in pollen analyses of varved lake sediments, comparable in temporal accuracy to the tree-ring records. The analytical framework for climate derived from synoptic climatological studies of Kutzbach and more recently T. J. Blasing are used to test Griffin's hypotheses. Aside from possible temporal adjustments, it is possible that Hopewell decline was brought about by the onset of a cool-dry rather than a cool-moist episode, while the Mississippian interpretations seem to be in general agreement with the new evidence.
Bakeless, J.; (2017) Daniel Boone: Master of the Wilderness; Stackpole Books; ISBN-10: 0811736776, ISBN-13: 978-0811736770
Baker, Charles M.; 1976: Some technological considerations of quartz as a raw material for chipped stone implements: experiments and applications. Paper presented at the 33rd Annual Meeting of the Southeastern Archaeological Conference, Tuscaloosa 348 http://www.southeasternarchaeology.org/wp-content/uploads/bulletins/SEAC%20Bulletin%2020.pdf
Bareis, C. J. (1976). The Knobel Site, St. Clair County, Illinois. Circular 1, Illinois Archaeological Survey, Urbana. https://www.tribalartbooks.com/pages/books/13487/c-j-bareis/the-knoebel-site-st-clair-county-illinois Google Scholar
Barker, A., Skinner, C., Shackley, M., Glascock, M., & Rogers, J. (2002). Mesoamerican Origin for an Obsidian Scraper from the Precolumbian Southeastern United States. American Antiquity, 67(1), 103-108. doi:10.2307/2694879
ABSTRACT
EDXRF analysis of an obsidian scraper from the Spiro Mounds, Oklahoma, shows that the source material was from Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico. Given the distinctive peralkaline character of the obsidian, the source assignment is considered extremely secure. The artifact was recovered from the east tunnel of Craig Mound, Spiro, immediately after the cessation of commercial digging in 1935, and has been in the Smithsonian’s collections since 1937. Despite more than 150 years of speculation regarding supposed contact with and influence from the region, this represents the first documented example of Mesoamerican material from any Mississippian archaeological context in the Precolumbian southeastern United States.
Barksdale, K. (2007). The Spanish Conspiracy on the Trans-Appalachian Borderlands, 1786 - 1789. Journal of Appalachian Studies, 13(1/2), 96-123. Retrieved January 7, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/41446779
ABSTRACT
Between July of 1788 and April of 1789, a small faction of Tennessee Valley leading men entered into secret backcountry negotiations with Spanish colonial officials. The details of the Spanish conspiracy reveal a shadowy plan to unite the trans-Appalachian settlements of the Tennessee Valley (in the former state of Franklin) with Spain's Louisiana Territory. The result would have extended Spain's colonial empire into the Appalachian Mountains and would have undoubtedly initiated a political earthquake across the embryonic American republic. Brokered by Davidson County resident and former North Carolina congressman Dr. James White, the proposed Franklin-Spanish alliance held out the possibility of reviving the recently defeated Franklin statehood movement, expanding the Tennessee Valley's emerging commercial economy, and securing a valuable piece of Tennessee River bottomland (Muscle Shoals). The Spanish Empire also stood poised to capitalize on the military, strategic, economic, and diplomatic benefits of the proposed backcountry accord. Over the course of several months, Dr. White, members of the Sevier Family, and several high-ranking Spanish diplomats plotted the intrigue in clandestine parlays and secret correspondences. The events of America's first trans-Appalachian foreign conspiracy illustrate the transnational interactions occurring across the southern mountain borderlands and the important position the Appalachian backcountry occupied in the territorial, diplomatic, and socioeconomic maturation of the United States (including negotiations over the Mississippi River, border/territorial disputes, constitutional debates, and post-revolutionary foreign and Indian diplomacy). At the end of the eighteenthcentury, the Tennessee Valley stood as a dynamic borderland region where disparate Amerindian (Upper Creek and Overhill Cherokee) and Euroamerican nations struggled for dominion over the southwestern frontier.
Barth, R. J., Jr. (1988). The emergence of the Vincennes culture in the lower Wabash drainage. In Emerson, T. E., and Lewis, R. B. (eds.),Cahokia and the Hinterlands: Mississippian Cultural Variation in the American Midwest; University of Illinois Press; ISBN-10: 0252068785, ISBN-13: 978-0252068782
Bartlein, P. J., Webb, T., III, and Fleri, E. (1984). Holocene climatic change in the northern Midwest: Pollen-derived estimates. Quaternary Research 22: 361–374. Google Scholar
ABSTRACT
Mapping of Holocene pollen data in the midwestern United States has revealed several broadscale vegetational changes that can be interpreted in climatic terms. These changes include (1) the early Holocene northward movement of the spruce-dominated forest and its later southward movement after 3000 yr B.P. and (2) the eastward movement of the prairie/forest border into southwestern Wisconsin by 8000 yr B.P. and its subsequent westward retreat after 6000 yr B.P. When certain basic assumptions are met, multiple regression models can be derived from modern pollen and climate data and used to transform the pollen record of these vegetational changes into quantitative estimates of temperature or precipitation. To maximize the reliability of the regression equations, we followed a sequence of procedures that minimize violations of the assumptions that underlie regression analysis. Reconstructions of precipitation during the Holocene indicated that from 9000 to 6000 yr B.P. precipitation decreased by 10 to 25% over much of the Midwest, while mean July temperature increased by 0.5° to 2.0°C. At 6000 yr B.P. precipitation was less than 80% of its modern values over parts of Wisconsin and Minnesota. After 6000 yr B.P. precipitation generally increased, while mean July temperature decreased in the north, and increased in the south. The time of the maximum temperature varies within the Midwest and is earlier in the north and later in the south.
Bartram, W.; Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, east and west Florida: A facsimile of the 1792 London edition embellished with its nine original plates. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100899629/Cite
Bass, Althea. Cherokee Messenger. University of Oklahoma Press, 1996. ISBN-10: 0806128798, ISBN-13: 978-0806128795
Bastian, Beverly E.; 1982; Fort Independence: An Eighteenth-Century Frontier Homesite and Militia Post in South Carolina. Russell Papers 1982. Archaeological Services, National Park Service, Atlanta Georgia and Building Conservation Technology, Inc., Nashville, Tennessee. https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a133125.pdf
Bates, James F.; 1986; Aboriginal Ceramic Artifacts. In Overhill Cherokee Archaeology at Chota-Tanasee, edited by Gerald F. Schroedl, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, Report of Investigations, Number 38; and Tennessee Valley Authority Publications in Anthropology, Number 42, pp. 289-331. Knoxville, Tennessee. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/7008204
ABSTRACT
The initial objective of the Tellico Archaeological Project was the study of Overhill Cherokee culture, emphasizing the excavation of Chota-Tanasee. In keeping with contemporary archaeological research, the project goals eventually incorporated a regional perspective of human cultural adaptation for the past 12,000 yrs. Nevertheless, Overhill Cherokee studies remained a prominent project focus, and what began at Chota-Tanasee was expanded to include Citico, Toqua, Tomotley, and Mialoquo. Other sites produced additional Cherokee materials and important excavations were made at contemporary Euro-American settlements including Fort Loudoun and the Tellico Blockhouse. There now exists comprehensive data for the eighteenth century Overhill Cherokee. The Chota-Tanasee studies presented in previous chapters and the comparative synthesis presented here as a result have helped fulfill the goals of Overhill Cherokee studies in the lower Little Tennessee River valley.
Bearss, Ed and Gibson, Arrell M.; Fort Smith: Little Gibralter on the Arkansas. Norman, Okla.: University of Oklahoma Press, 1969. ISBN-13: 978-0806112329, ISBN-10: 0806112328
Becker, Marshall J. 1973 Archaeological Evidence for Occupational Specialization Among the Classic Period Maya at Tikal, Guatemala. American Antiquity 38:396–406. CrossRef | Google Scholar
ABSTRACT
Recent models for the organization of Classic period Maya in the Guatemala lowlands suggest a complex system of stratified social classes. Much of the basic data supporting such theoretical models is derived from the evidence for the existence of numerous occupational specializations. Previously, the data have been largely inferential, but extensive and comprehensive excavations at Tikal over a period of 13 yr have provided significant information suggesting that the occupations of residents of specific buildings or house groups can be determined. This evidence also suggests techniques by which future excavations might be directed in order to augment existing information
Benjamin Madley, Reexamining the American Genocide Debate: Meaning, Historiography, and New Methods, The American Historical Review, Volume 120, Issue 1, February 2015, Pages 98–139, https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/120.1.98
INTRODUCTION
Native Americans suffered a catastrophic demographic decline following sustained contact with Europeans. From a pre-contact population of perhaps 5,000,000 or more, the number of American Indians within the continental United States and its colonial antecedents fell to some 240,000 individuals by 1880–1900. The cataclysm thus ranks among the major long-term population disasters of world history. Some scholars assert that introduced diseases were the primary cause of this catastrophe, while others argue that colonialism, war, and diseases combined to wreak demographic devastation.1
Bergeron, P. H.; Keith, J.; and Ash, S. V.; (1999): Tennesseans & Their History; University of Tennessee Press; ISBN-10: 1572330562, ISBN-13: 978-1572330566
Bergmann, M. S., and Jucovy, M. E. (Eds.) (1990). Generations of the Holocaust. New York: Columbia University Press. (Originally published 1982 ) ISBN-10: 0465026664, ISBN-13: 978-0465026661 Google Scholar
ABSTRACT
Following World War II, psychoanalytic studies of Holocaust victims yielded descriptions of a "survivor syndrome" among former concentration camp prisoners. However, little information had appeared, even by the early 1970s, about the new generation of children born to survivors. Helping to fill this gap, "Generations of the Holocaust" discusses individual cases and develops conclusions about the transmittal to offspring of trauma incurred during the Holocaust. The book begins with a presentation of background material on the experience of the survivor-parents, before moving on to a discussion of current cases. Contributors stress the complexity of influences on children of Holocaust survivors, and the difficulty such patients encounter in living their own lives. "Generations of the Holocaust" also includes a section on patients who are children of Nazis—a group that shows a startling frequency of identification with their parents' Jewish victims. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
Bhabha, H. (1983). The other question: The stereotype and colonial discourse. Screen, 24, 6–23.Google Scholar
Bickerton, L. M.; 2001; An Illustrated Guide to Eighteenth Century English Drinking Glasses. Antique Collectors Club Distributer, New York, New York. ISBN-10: 1851493514, ISBN-13: 978-1851493517
Birch, J., Lulewicz, J. & Rowe, A. (2016) A Comparative Analysis of the Late Woodland–early Mississippian Settlement Landscape in Northern Georgia, Southeastern Archaeology, 35:2, 115-133, DOI: 10.1179/2168472315Y.0000000016
ABSTRACT
To understand the development of complex socio-political phenomena, we need to study not just the origins of central places, but also their emergence. This can be accomplished by taking an historical perspective where we position ourselves before the occurrence we wish to study. Data from the Georgia Archaeological Site File are presented to explore the Late Woodland and Early Mississippian (ca. A.D. 600–1,100) settlement landscape which contextualized the emergence of two prominent Mississippian mound centers: Macon Plateau (also known as Ocmulgee) and Etowah. Our results suggest that the Etowah River valley supported a denser population who had formed attachments to particular points in the landscape compared to the region surrounding Macon Plateau during the Late Woodland to Early Mississippian transition. These social landscapes provided different contexts for the origins of each Mississippian center and influenced later trajectories of cultural development and settlement in each region.
Binford, Lewis R.; 1962; A New Method of Calculating Dates from Kaolin Pipe Stem Samples. Southeastern Archaeological Conference Newsletter, Volume 9, No. 1, pp. 19-21. http://www.southeasternarchaeology.org/wp-content/uploads/SEAC-Newsletter-Vol.-09-No.-1-June%201962.pdf
Binford, L. R.; Colonial Period Ceramics from the Nottoway and Weanock Indians of Southeastern Virginia. 1965 Quarterly Bulletin of the Archaeological Society of Virginia, Volume 19, Number 4, pp. 78-87. https://www.archeologyva.org/Pub/PubQB.html
Bird, Traveller. Tell Them They Lie: The Sequoyah Myth. Los Angeles: Westernlore Publishers, 1971. ASIN: B0006DYTGW
Black, Claude; 1961; Fort Loudoun Plans and Profiles. Manuscript on file with the Fort Loudoun Association. https://teva.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p15138coll18/id/1010/
Plan and profiles of Fort Loudoun on Tanasee River projected and constructed by William Gerard de Brahm
Description A black-and-white photographic plate that presents de Brahm's plan for the fort, along with a profile (the elevation or ground-level view) of the completed structure as he envisioned it.
Historical Note The plate on which the plan is represented appears to have been prepared for Samuel C. Williams's book, Early Travels in the Tennessee Country. It was inserted as a figure at the beginning of a chapter titled "DeBrahm's Account" (p.186), which reprinted DeBrahm's own version of his work on Fort Loudon . DeBrahm was a respected mapmaker and military engineer who was born in Holland and trained in the Bavarian army. He came to Georgia with a group of German colonists in 1751. DeBrahm arrived at the site of Fort Loudon with the Brisitsh colonial garrison in 1756 and designed his plan based on the geography of a site which the Cherokee had specified. He quarrelled with both the Cherokee and the first commander of the British garrison, and secretly left the site on Christmas night, 1756, well before the fort was completed. His plan suggests a far more impressive structure than Fort Loudon, with its log walls, would appear when it was completed. But it was still too strong for the Cherokee to capture by a direct attack. The fort, however, was separated from the European colonies by the Appalachian mountains and by four groups of Cherokee settlements lying between it and the nearest other colonial forces. Its isolated location left it vulnerable to the Cherokee siege, and the Cherokee turned back the advance of a large British and colonial force which attempted to relieve the garrison in the summer of 1761. Faced with starvation, the second British commander, who was the brother of the commander with whom DeBrahm had quarreled, surrendered to the Cherokee on August 9,1761.
Black, G. (1967). Trait Complexes at The Angel Site, Indiana Historical Society, Indianapolis. Google Scholar
Blake, L. (1986). Corn and other plants from prehistory into history in the Eastern United States. In Dye, D., and Brister, R. (eds.), Proceedings of the 1983 Mid-South Archaeological Conference. Mississippi Department of Archives and History Archaeological Report18. https://www.mdah.ms.gov/new/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/AR-18.pdf
Blitz, J. H. 1988 Adoption of the Bow in Prehistoric North America. North American Archaeologist 9: 123–145. CrossRef | Google Scholar
ABSTRACT
Current ecological archaeology, as often practiced, is too closed a system. The realization that introduced external factors may play a role in cultural change as potently as localized mechanisms demands increased attention to analytical boundaries and matters of scale. This article questions the utility and effectiveness of localized adaptive explanations for large-scale historical processes and, as an illustration, considers the prehistoric distribution of the bow in North America from a continental perspective. Criteria used to determine the presence of the bow in the archaeological record are briefly reviewed and a north to south chronological distribution for the initial adoption of the bow is presented.
Bolton, S. (2003). Jeffersonian Indian Removal and the Emergence of Arkansas Territory. The Arkansas Historical Quarterly, 62(3), 253-271. doi:10.2307/40024265
Bond, Octavia Zollicoffer. The Family Chronicle and Kinship Book of Maclin, Clack, Cocke, Carter, Taylor, Cross, Gordon, and Other Related American Lineages. Nashville, TN: McDaniel Printing Co., 1928. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89061966602&view=1up&seq=7
Boulware, T. (2016). [Review of the book Endgame for Empire: British-Creek Relations in Georgia and Vicinity, 1763–1776, by John T. Juricek]. Journal of Southern History 82(4), 907-908. doi:10.1353/soh.2016.0252.
IN LIEU Of ABSTRACT
The year 1763 was a pivotal moment in the Southeast. The Creeks emerged as the region’s most potent Indian nation, while Britain ascended as the dominant imperial power. Anglo-Creek relations thus took on added significance after the Treaty of Paris (1763), a point John T. Juricek makes in this richly detailed and nuanced account of British-Creek diplomacy between 1763 and 1776. The book builds on his earlier publication, Colonial Georgia and the Creeks: Anglo-Indian Diplomacy on the Southern Frontier, 1733–1763(Gainesville, Fla., 2010), but with emphasis on the consequential interwar years and with greater attention to the larger geopolitical context within which Creeks and Anglo-Americans maneuvered. [End Page 907]
When the Seven Years’ War ended, Britain sought to improve relations with Native Americans through a sustained campaign of reform. It was, Juricek writes, “a rare time of fresh thinking in London about the Indians of North America” (p. 32). The king issued the Proclamation of 1763 in part to protect Indian lands; a congress at Augusta attempted to restore Anglo-Indian friendships, and a comprehensive reform plan in 1764 addressed two sore spots in British-Indian relations: conflicts over trade and land. The plan of 1764, in particular, introduced far-reaching measures, such as an unregulated Indian trade open to all British subjects. Two central figures in shaping and implementing postwar policy, Superintendent John Stuart and Governor James Wright, were often at odds, but they agreed that free trade was a disastrous policy. London would not budge, even after it became evident that open trade had failed miserably, leading to an “explosive increase” in traders and a mountain of debt for Indian peoples (p. 86).
These debts had a direct bearing on land dealings. Accordingly, Juricek calls attention to one of the least studied but “most important Indian conferences of the entire colonial era,” which resulted in the signing of the New Purchase treaty (p. 177). In 1773 Cherokees and Creeks ceded common hunting grounds to compensate for their trading debts. A complicated land transaction followed, but the consequences of the exchange were extraordinary. The New Purchase exacerbated generational rifts within Creek society, whereby frustrated young warriors made the ceded territory too dangerous for British settlement. This hampered land sales, which meant that traders and merchants who had forgiven Indian debts in expectation of payment from the sale of lands were left empty-handed. When the American Revolutionary War erupted several years later, many of these dissatisfied traders and merchants were driven to the Patriot cause. The New Purchase, in short, was a “disaster for the imperial cause,” for it placed Britain and its agents outside well-worn paths of trade and communication (p. 215).
In the end, British reform efforts failed and were largely abandoned. One reason was that Indian affairs took a backseat to the worsening imperial crisis. Second, reform did not come from an altruistic place, Juricek notes, but from concerns about Creek (and other Indian) threats to British settlement and expansion. Furthermore, while the British considered Indians as the king’s subjects, officials made few efforts to assimilate Indians into the empire. Finally, Creek resentment over trade was too ingrained, and British promises to protect Creek lands were too often left unfulfilled, both of which hampered the continuation of friendly British-Creek relations. To be sure, there were progressive individuals like Superintendent Stuart who were committed to reform, but as Juricek laments, “There were not enough John Stuarts to sustain it” (p. 247).
Bouquet, Henry. The Papers of Henry Bouquet, 2 volumes. Edited by Donald H. Kent, Autumn L. Leonard, and S.K. Stevens. Harrisburg: Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, 1951 - 1972. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=pst.000025859911&view=1up&seq=7
Bouse, John H., and Ronald W. Wogaman 1978; Windy Ridge: A prehistoric site in the interriverine Piedmont in South Carolina Occasional Papers of the Institute of Archeology and Anthropology, University of South Carolina, Anthropological Studies 3. https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=archanth_anthro_studies
Boyd, D., & Boyd, C. (1989). A COMPARISON OF TENNESSEE ARCHAIC AND MISSISSIPPIAN MAXIMUM FEMORAL LENGTHS AND MIDSHAFT DIAMETERS: SUBSISTENCE CHANGE AND POSTCRANIAL VARIABILITY. Southeastern Archaeology, 8(2), 107-116. Retrieved January 13, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/40712907
ABSTRACT
Femora of 524 skeletons from four Archaic and six Mississippian sites in Tennessee are compared to investigate changes in maximum femur lengths, midshaft diameters, and sexual dimorphism in these morphological dimensions over a 7,500 year time span. Based on previous skeletal comparisons of preagricultural and agricultural groups, it is expected that decreases in femur size and changes in femur diaphyseal structure will occur with the reliance on agriculture. However, the samples examined herein showed no such reductions or reorientations, suggesting more complex regional adaptive responses to nutritional stress and culture change.
Boyer, Richard 1997 Negotiating Calidad: The Everyday Struggle for Status in Mexico. In Diversity and Social Identity in Colonial Spanish America: Native American, African and Hispanic Communities during the Middle Period, Donna L. Ruhl and Kathleen Hoffman, editors, pp. 64–73. Historical Archaeology, 31(1):1–103. Google Scholar
Braden, G. (1958). The Colberts and the Chickasaw Nation. Tennessee Historical Quarterly, 17(3), 222-249. Retrieved January 7, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/42621386
Brading, D. A. 1991 The First America. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN-10: 0521447968, ISBN-13: 978-0521447966 Google Scholar
Bradley, J. (1974). William C. C. Claiborne, the Old Southwest and the Development of American Indian Policy. Tennessee Historical Quarterly, 33(3), 265-278. Retrieved January 7, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/42623750
Brain, J. P., and Phillips, P.; (1996); Shell Gorgets: Styles of the Late Prehistoric and Protohistoric Southeast. Peabody; Museum Press, Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. ISBN-10: 0873658124, ISBN-13: 9780873658126
Brandon, Stephen. “to throw the mantle of civilization over all tribes”: Elias Boudinot, Early Cherokee Print Culture, and the Rhetorics of Civilization. Thesis. University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 1999. http://library.avemaria.edu/title/to-throw-the-mantle-of-civilization-over-all-tribes-elias-boudinot-early-cherokee-print-culture-and-the-rhetorics-of-civilization-and-mother-of-us-senator-an-indian-queen-cultural-challenge-and-appropriation-in-the-memoirs-of-narcissa-owen-1831-1907/oclc/044644873
Braun, D. P. 1977 Middle Woodland-Early Late Woodland Social Change in the Prehistoric Central Midwestern U.S. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor. Google Scholar
Braun, D. P., and Plog, S. 1982 Evolution of “Tribal” Social Networks: Theory and Prehistoric North American Evidence. American Antiquity 47: 504–525. CrossRef | Google Scholar
ABSTRACT
This paper addresses two topics central to the study of nonhierarchical, regional social networks, sometimes termed “tribal” social networks: (1) alternative models of the evolution of regional integration; and (2) the archaeological determination of characteristics of such regional networks. Problems in previous ethnological and archaeological studies are identified, and an alternative model is proposed. This is based on a more general theory of organizational processes in nonhierarchical social systems. Data from the prehistoric North American Southwest and Midwest are shown to support the more general model, which treats such networks as organizational responses to increasing environmental uncertainty occasioned by either cultural or physical ecological factors, or both.
Braund, K.E.H. 1993. Deerskins and Duffels: Creek Indian Trade with Anglo-America, 1685–1815. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln ISBN-10: 0803261268, ISBN-13: 978-0803261266 Google Scholar
Brave Heart, M. Y. H. (in press a). The return to the sacred path: Healing the historical trauma and historical unresolved grief response among the Lakota. Smith College Studies in Social Work,June 1998. Google Scholar
ABSTRACT
This article, based on research conducted with Lakota human service providers, concludes that the Lakota (Teton Sioux) suffer from impaired grief of an enduring and pervasive quality. Impaired grief results from massive cumulative trauma associated with such cataclysmic events as the assassination of Sitting Bull, the Wounded Knee Massacre, and the forced removal of Lakota children to boarding schools.
The research studied a culturally syntonic four‐day psychoeducational intervention designed to initiate a grief resolution process for a group of 45 Lakota human service providers. The methodology included assessment at three intervals: (a)a pre‐ and post‐test, utilizing a Lakota Grief Experience Questionnaire and the semantic differential, (b) a self report evaluation instrument at the end of the intervention, and (c) a six‐week follow‐up questionnaire.
The results confirmed the hypotheses that: (a) education about historical trauma would lead to increased awareness of the impact and associated grief related affects of the traumatic Lakota history, (b) sharing these affects with other Lakota in a traditional context would provide cathartic relief, and (c) grief resolution would be initiated, including a reduction in grief affects, more positive identity, and a commitment to individual and community healing.
Brave Heart, M. Y. H. (in press b). Gender differences in the historical trauma response among the Lakota. Journal of Health and Social Policy. Google Scholar
SUMMARY
The historical trauma response is a constellation of characteristics associated with massive cumulative group trauma across generations, similar to those found among Jewish Holocaust survivors and descendants. Trauma response features include elevated mortality rates and health problems emanating from heart disease, hypertension, alcohol abuse, and suicidal behavior. This article explores gender differences in the historical trauma response among the Lakota (Teton Sioux) and the correlation with health and mental health statistics.
The theory of a Lakota historical trauma response is first explained. Traditional gender roles are described in combination with modifications engendered by traumatic Lakota history. Then, data from a study on Lakota historical trauma are presented, including gender differences in response to an experimental intervention aimed at facilitating a trauma resolution process.
The data revealed significant gender differences. The sample of women presented initially with a greater degree of conscious affective experience of historical trauma. In contrast, the men reported more life-span trauma associated with boarding school attendance and appeared to be at an earlier stage of grief. However, at the end of the intervention, women's experience of survivor guilt-a significant trauma response feature-decreased while men's consciousness of historical trauma and unresolved grief increased. Degree of traditional presentation-of-self, including phenotype, appeared to interact with gender to place male participants at greater risk for being traumatized over the lifespan and perhaps subsequently utilizing more rigid defenses against the conscious experience of the trauma with the exception of survivor guilt. The article concludes with a discussion of health and mental health implications for prevention and treatment of the trauma response which could positively impact the health status of the Lakota. Recommendations for future research are suggested.
Brave Heart, M. Y. H. (in press c). Oyate Ptayela: Rebuilding the Lakota Nation through addressing historical trauma among Lakota parents. Journal of Human Behavior and the Social Environment. Google Scholar
SUMMARY
This article presents evidence to suggest that historical trauma has affected Lakota parents and children by changing parenting behavior and placing children at risk for alcohol and other substance abuse. The theoretical explanation of the Lakota historical trauma response is described and used as a framework for the design of a parenting skills curriculum. This intervention focuses on (1) facilitating parental awareness of life span and communal trauma across generations and (2) a re-cathexis or re-attachment to traditional Lakota values.
The experimental curriculum intervention was delivered to a group of ten Lakota parents and two Lakota parent facilitators on a Lakota reservation. Qualitative study results revealed that parents experienced the curriculum as effective, particularly the focus on both historical trauma and the reconnection with traditional Lakota mores. The curriculum's emphasis on traditional protective factors for alcohol and other substance abuse prevention for Lakota children presents implications for other parenting curricula. The article concludes with recommendations for future research in the area of Indian parenting and historical trauma.
Brave Heart, M. Y. H., and DeBruyn, L. M. (in press). The American Indian Holocaust: Healing historical unresolved grief. National Center for American Indian and Alaska Native Research. Google Scholar
Brave Heart-Jordan, M. Y. H. (1995). The return to the Sacred Path: Healing, from historical trauma and historical unresolved grief among the Lakota. Doctoral dissertation Smith College, School for Social Work, Northampton, Massachusetts. (Copies are available through the Takini Network, c/o the author, University of Denver Graduate School of Social Work, 2148 S. High Street, Denver, CO 80208.) Google Scholar
Brave Heart-Jordan, M., and DeBruyn, L. M. (1995). So she may walk in balance: Integrating the impact of historical trauma in the treatment of Native American Indian women. In J. Adleman and G. Enguidanos (Eds.), Racism in the lives of women: Testimony, theory, and guides to anti-racist practice (pp. 345–368 ). New York: Haworth Press. Google Scholar
ABSTRACT
This study asserts that the Lakota (Teton Sioux) suffer from impaired grief which has an enduring and pervasive quality. This grief is the result of massive cumulative trauma associated with such cataclysmic events as the assassination of Sitting Bull, the Wounded Knee Massacre, and the forced removal of Lakota children to boarding schools. This investigator examined the effectiveness of a culturally syntonic four day psychoeducational intervention designed to initiate a grief resolution process for a group of 45 primarily Lakota human service providers. The study methodology included assessment at three intervals: (a) a pre- and post-test, utilizing a Lakota Grief Experience Questionnaire and the semantic differential, (b) a self-report evaluation instrument at the end of the intervention, and (c) a six week follow-up questionnaire. The results confirmed the hypotheses that: (a) education about historical trauma would lead to increased awareness of the traumatic Lakota history's impact and associated grief related affects, (b) sharing these affects with other Lakota in traditional context would provide cathartic relief, and (c) grief resolution would be initiated, including a reduction in grief affects, more positive identity, and a commitment to individual and community healing.
Bray, Warwick (editor) 1993 The Meeting of Two Worlds: Europe and the Americas 1492–1650. Proceedings of the British Academy, 81. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Google Scholar
ABSTRACT
Heroic endeavour or disaster of hemispheric proportions? What is certain is that Columbus’ discovery of the New World resulted in biological and cultural exchanges unprecedented in the history of human populations. This volume brings together 11 scholars — from both sides of the Atlantic and from the disciplines of history, archaeology, anthropology, geography and biology — to discuss the nature of the European conquest and its consequences. A major theme is the complex process by which Europeans and Amerindians adapted to create new criollo cultures which are distinctively American: the successes and failures of this process are evident in Latin America today. The multidisciplinary scope of this volume makes a major contribution to our understanding of the enormous changes that followed Columbus’ expedition.
Brophy, William A. and Sophie D. Abere and others, The Indian: America's Unfinished Business. Report of the Commission on the Rights, Liberties, and Responsibilities of the American Indian. Illus. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1967. ASIN: B000V1O2DE
Brose, David S., and Percy, George R. 1978 Fort Walton Settlement Patterns. In Mississippian Settlement Patterns, edited by D. Smith, Bruce, pp. 81–114. Academic Press, New York. ASIN: B01K2O9PV8 Google Scholar
Brown, Elsworth; (1955); Archaeology of Fort Loudoun Field Report No. 1. Report on file with the Fort Loudoun Association and M. C. McClung Historical Collection, Lawson McGhee Library, Knox County Public Library System, Knoxville, Tennessee.
Brown, Elsworth; (1955); Archaeology of Fort Loudoun Field Report No. 2. Report on file with the Fort Loudoun Association and M. C. McClung Historical Collection, Lawson McGhee Library, Knox County Public Library System, Knoxville, Tennessee.
Brown, Elsworth; (1955); Archaeology of Fort Loudoun Field Report No. 3. Report on file with the Fort Loudoun Association and M. C. McClung Historical Collection, Lawson McGhee Library, Knox County Public Library System, Knoxville, Tennessee.
Brown, Elsworth; (1955); Archaeology of Fort Loudoun Field Report No. 4. Report on file with the Fort Loudoun Association and M. C. McClung Historical Collection, Lawson McGhee Library, Knox County Public Library System, Knoxville, Tennessee.
Brown, Elsworth; (1955); Archaeology of Fort Loudoun Field Report No. 5. Report on file with the Fort Loudoun Association and M. C. McClung Historical Collection, Lawson McGhee Library, Knox County Public Library System, Knoxville, Tennessee.
Brown, Elsworth; (1955); Arms and Military Equipment. Report on file with the Fort Loudoun Association and M. C. McClung Historical Collection, Lawson McGhee Library, Knox County Public Library System, Knoxville, Tennessee.
Brown, I.W. 1980. Early 18th Century French-Indian Culture Contact in the Yazoo Bluffs Region of the Lower Mississippi River Valley. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Brown University Google Scholar
Brown, Ian W.; 1977b Historic Trade Bells. Conference on Historic Site Archaeology Papers, Volume 10, pp. 69-82. 1979 Bells. In Tunica Treasure by Jeffery P. Brain. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Volume 71, pp. 197-205. Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts. https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/archanth_historic_site_arch_conf_papers/11/
Brown, I. (1979). FUNCTIONAL GROUP CHANGES AND ACCULTURATION: A CASE STUDY OF THE FRENCH AND THE INDIAN IN THE LOWER MISSISSIPPI VALLEY. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology, 4(2), 147-165. Retrieved January 11, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/20707836
ABSTRACT
A recent trend in historical archaeology has been toward ordering artifacts into functional groupings to facilitate pattern recognition (South 1977, 1978). Although such a procedure seems logical when dealing with European sites, historic aboriginal sites cannot be dealt with in the same manner. In this study of the French and Indian in the Yazoo Bluffs region in Mississippi, changes in functional groups can indeed be detected over time, but the observed trends in material culture are not necessarily a measure of general sociocultural change. European materials were often not employed by Indians in the manner intended by the European donors. The arrangement of historic materials from Indian sites according to European functional groups will thus provide unrealistic patterns of aboriginal sociocultural change.
Brown, Ian W.; 1980 Trade Bells. In Burr’s Hill, A 17th Century Wampanoag Burial Ground in Warren, Rhode Island, edited by Susan G. Gibson. Studies in Anthropology and Material Culture, Volume 2, pp. 93-95. The Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000150498
Brown, J. (1971). The Dimensions of Status in the Burials at Spiro. Memoirs of the Society for American Archaeology, (25), 92-112. Retrieved from www.jstor.org/stable/25146714
ABSTRACT
Formal analysis is employed to express symbolically the behavior associated with disposal of the dead in archaeological contexts. Key diagrams are shown to economically express the partitioning of attribute space by a series of variables coded on independently measured dimensions. The attention of this paper is to explicate the analysis of formal-structural relations among archaeological materials from Spiro, a specialized Mississippian period site in eastern Oklahoma, without resort to analogies between cultural-historical configurations. The power of the analysis is extended by direct comparison of the Spiro key with keys made on the same dimensions that are drawn from the ethnohistorical literature of two southeastern societies.
Brown, J. A. (1977). Current directions in Midwestern archaeology. Annual Review of Anthropology 6: 161–179. Google Scholar
Brown, J. A.; (1997) The Archaeology of Ancient Religion in the Eastern Woodlands; Annual Review of Anthropology, Volume 26: Issue 1: October 21, 1997; Pgs 465 – 485; doi: 10.1146/annurev.anthro.26.1.465
ABSTRACT
Archaeology has begun to contribute to the history of spirituality in the Eastern Woodlands of North America to complement the perspectives offered by the comparative study of religions and by ethnological, folkloric, art historical, and astronomical research. Support can be found in the forms and types of ritual paraphernalia and in the associated iconography for the thesis that shamanism was a basic form of religious experience that extended back to the earliest material traces. Elaborations upon this foundation became most conspicuous during the Mississippian Period when social hierarchies developed upon an expanded, agriculturally supported population. Animal imagery changed, ancestor cults became elaborated, and cosmography took on increased importance in architecture, site layout, and mortuary rites. The canonical forms of the iconography of this period have become known as the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex. Since European contact, practices and beliefs associated with social hierarchies have disappeared or transformed.
Brown, J., & Rogers, J. (1999). AMS Dates on Artifacts of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex from Spiro. Southeastern Archaeology, 18(2), 134-141. Retrieved from www.jstor.org/stable/40713164
ABSTRACT
Three AMS radiocarbon dates run on perishable material associated with copper and other artifacts from the Craig Mound of the Spiro site in eastern Oklahoma confirm the seriation ofgravelots recently developed to refine the Spiro and regional chronology; raise the issue of recycling and curation of artifacts; and provide further confirmation that certain styles of copper repoussé plates of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex are best assigned to the late thirteenth or early fourteenth centuries, rather than the fifteenth century as proposed by Brain and Phillips (1996).
Brown, J. (1976). THE SOUTHERN CULT RECONSIDERED. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology, 1(2), 115-135. Retrieved January 11, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/20707791
ABSTRACT
This review of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex (or Southern Cult) reveals the inconsistency of the old trait-list-based typological concept with both new theoretical perspectives and with improved control of archaeological data sources. Based largely on substantive reasons, this paper argues for basic reformulation of the Cult on account of theoretical difficulties, methodological inconsistencies and technical flaws in the original definition. In its place a systemic approach that emphasizes the cultural interrelationships of elements would more successfully integrate the original data with new findings. Among the suggestions offered in this paper is that the stylistic content of the Cult should be reformulated along systemic principles to cover a broader range of art on diverse media over an extensive area. Lastly, the notion of the Cult as mainly an ideological complex or "cult" should be replaced by a more appropriate model of an interregional interaction sphere co-extensive with the distribution of complex Mississippian cultural systems.
Brown, K; (2018): Stoking the Fire: Nationhood in Cherokee Writing, 1907–1970, University of Oklahoma Press; : LCCN 2017055609, ISBN 978-0-8061-6015-3, ISBN 978-0-8061-6015-0
Brown, Margaret Kimball; 1971; Glass from Fort Michilimackinac: A Classification for Eighteenth Century Glass. The Michigan Archaeologist, Volume 17, Numbers 3-4. https://www.worldcat.org/title/glass-from-fort-michilimackinac-a-classification-for-eighteenth-century-glass/oclc/6214891
Brown, Margaret Kimball; 1975 The Zimmerman Site: Further Excavations at the Grand Village of the Kaskaskia. Illinois State Museum Reports of Investigations, Number 32. Illinois State Museum, Springfield, Illinois. ASIN: B00171NTMM
Brown, Samuel.; The Western Gazateer: or Emigrant's Directory Containing a Geographical Description of the Western States and Territories; Auburn, N.Y.: H. C. Southwick, 1817. https://archive.org/details/westerngazetteer00inbrow/page/n12
Buchanan, William T., Jr., and Edward F. Heite; 1971 The Hallowes Site: A Seventeenth-Century Yeoman’s Cottage in Virginia. Historical Archaeology, Volume V, pp. 38-48. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF03374453
Bullen, R. and R. B. Greene 1970; Stratigraphic tests at Stallings Island, Georgia. Florida Anthropologist Vol. 23(1): 828. https://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00027829/00076/11j
Burgner, Goldene Fillers. Washington County, Tennessee Wills, 1777-1872. Easley, SC: Southern Historical Press, Inc., 1983. ISBN-10: 0893082856, ISBN-13: 978-0893082857
Burnett, E. K. 1945. The Spiro Mound Collection in the Museum. Contributions from the Museum of the American Indian Heye Foundation, Vol. XIV. https://americanindian.si.edu/sites/1/files/archivecenter/AC001_maiheye.pdf Google Scholar
Bushnell, Amy Turner 1989 Ruling the “Republic of Indians” in Seventeenth-Century Florida. In Powhatan’s Mantle: Indians in the Colonial Southeast, Peter Wood, Gregory Waselkov, and M. Thomas Hatley, editors, pp. 134–150. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln. ISBN-10: 0803298617, ISBN-13: 978-0803298613 Google Scholar
Bushnell, David I. Jr. 1904 The Cahokia and Surrounding Mound Groups. Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 3(1):3-20. Cambridge, Mass. ASIN: B002JM0JYY Google Scholar
Butzer, K. W. (1977). Geomorphology of the lower Illinois Valley as a spatial-temporal context for the Koster Archaic site. Illinois State Museum Reports of Investigations, 34, Springfield. ISBN-10: 0897920678, ISBN-13: 978-0897920674
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Cahen, D., Keeley, L. H., and Noten, F. L. Van 1979 Stone Tools, Toolkits, and Human Behavior in Prehistory. Current Anthropology 20:661–683. CrossRef | Google Scholar
ABSTRACT
Stone artefacts are usually privileged witnesses, and often the sole preserved witnesses, of prehistoric man and his activities. The study of artefacts is ordinarily restricted to typology, i.e., description, classification, and comparison of these artefacts clustered into assemblages with a view to defining industries and, hence, prehistoric cultures. This approach is somewhat limited, as it registers differences or resemblances between the assemblages provided by the excavations without being able to explain them. It has been argued that an assemblage of stone tools represents the activities which have taken place on a particular site and that typological differences reflect different activities. The validity of the assumptions on which this "functional argument" relies has, however, never been verified. This article illustrates the possibilities afforded by some recent research approaches applied to the study of a prehistoric site. Palaeotographical study allows the delineation of some archaeological structures the relations of which in space and time are established by the refitting of the lithic industry. This latter method also makes possible the reconstruction of all the stages of the evolution of stone tools, from their conception to their rejection. Finally, the analysis of microwear traces leads to the identification of the function of prehistoric tools. It has been possible to recognize specialized toolkits for hide working and for the preparation of bone and antler implements and to determine the activities performed in various areas of the occupation. floor. The combination of these three methods provides some new keys for the decoding of the archaeological record and constitutes a dynamic approach to prehistoric man through his relics.
Caldwell, J. R. 1953 Appraisal of the Archaeological Resources, Buford Reservoir in Hall, Forsyth, Dawson, and Gwinnett Counties, Northern Georgia. River Basin Surveys. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. https://core.tdar.org/document/256028/appraisal-of-the-archeological-resources-buford-reservoir-in-hall-forsyth-dawson-and-gwinnett-counties-north-georgia Google Scholar
Caldwell, Joseph R, 1973; Cultural evolution in the old world and the new, leading to the beginnings and spread of agriculture. Paper presented at the IXth International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences, Chicago. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=T8RfNmj4HawC&oi=fnd&pg=PA77&dq=Caldwell,+Joseph+R,+1973%3B+Cultural+evolution+in+the+old+world+and+the+new,+leading+to+the+beginnings+and+spread+of+agriculture&ots=5ReMEy8hZk&sig=Kadnxlo1TQCTqc6vlBCIe4WB85Q#v=onepage&q&f=false
Caldwell, Joseph R, 1978; Report of the excavations Fairchild's Landing and Hare's Landing, Seminole County, Georgia. Edited by Betty A. Smith; Unpublished manuscript on file, Department of Anthropology, University of Georgia, Athens. 349 ASIN: B007YMNPKE https://www.amazon.com/Excavations-Fairchilds-Landing-Seminole-Georgia/dp/B007YMNPKE
Caldwell, Joseph R., and Catherine Mccann 1941; Irene mound site, Chatham County, Georgia Georgia Press, Athens. https://core.tdar.org/document/118031/irene-mound-site-chatham-county-georgia
Caldwell, J. (1955). Cherokee Pottery from Northern Georgia. American Antiquity, 20(3), 277-280. doi:10.2307/277008.
EXTRACT
From November 15, 1950, to April 7, 1951, an archaeological survey was conducted by the Smithsonian River Basin Surveys, in cooperation with the National Park Service and the Corps of Army Engineers, of the area to be flooded by the dam at Buford, Georgia. On the upper Chattahoochee River we came across an aboriginal cooking pit containing quantities of pottery which could be unhesitatingly identified as historic Cherokee. While a certain amount of confusion as to just what might constitute Cherokee ceramics was dispelled some years ago by the publication of Hiwassee Island, it does seem advisable to present the Buford material as an areal and temporal variant. It differs in some particulars from the Overhill pottery described by Lewis and Kneberg from the Little Tennessee; there are other differences from recently identified Cherokee pottery from the middle Etowah River in northwest Georgia; and again, it is unlike some ceramic assemblages from Lower Cherokee towns in northeast Georgia and western South Carolina.
Caldwell, J. R., Hulse, F. Seymour., McCann, C., Archaeological Project. (1941). Irene mound site, Chatham County, Georgia. Athens: The University of Georgia Press. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89058377490&view=1up&seq=9
Caldwell, N. (1941). The Southern Frontier During King George's War. The Journal of Southern History, 7(1), 37-54. doi:10.2307/2191264.
Caldwell, N. (1942). Arkansas and Its Early Inhabitants. The Arkansas Historical Quarterly, 1(1), 41-52. doi:10.2307/40019292
Calloway, C. G.; (2007); The Scratch of a Pen: 1763 and the Transformation of North America (Pivotal Moments in American History); Oxford University press; ISBN-10: 0195331273, ISBN-13: 978-0195331271
Calloway, C. G. The American Revolution in Indian Country: Crisis and Diversity in Native American Communities. New York: - Cambridge University Press, 1995. ISBN-10: 0521475694, ISBN-13: 978-0521475693
Calver, William L., and Reginald Pelham Bolton; 1950, History Written with Pick and Shovel. The New York Historical Society, New York, New York. https://www.abebooks.com/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=30371429810&searchurl=sortby%3D0%26vci%3D82017
Campbell, B.; (2009) Genocide as Social Control; Sociological Theory, Volume 27, Issue 2, June 2009; https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9558.2009.01341.x
ABSTRACT
Genocide is defined here as organized and unilateral mass killing on the basis of ethnicity. While some have focused on genocide as a type of deviance, most genocide is also social control—a response to behavior itself defined as deviant. As such, it can be explained as a part of a general theory of social control. Black's (1998) theories of social control explain the handling of conflicts with their social geometry—that is, with the social characteristics of those involved in the conflict. Here, Blackian theories of social control are extended to specify the social geometry of genocide as follows: genocide varies directly with immobility, cultural distance, relational distance, functional independence, and inequality; and it is greater in a downward direction than in an upward or lateral direction. This theory of genocide can be applied to numerous genocides throughout history, and it is capable of ordering much of the known variation in genocide—such as when and where it occurs, how severe it is, and who participates.
Carnes, Linda F.; 1983 Identification of Euro-American Artifacts. In Tomotley: An Eighteenth-Century Cherokee Village by William W. Baden, Appendix II, pp. 173-209. Report of Investigations, Number 36, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, and Tennessee Valley Authority Publications in Anthropology, Number 35, Knoxville, Tennessee. https://www.academia.edu/3692899/Tomotley_An_Eighteenth_Century_Cherokee_Village
Carol Berkin, A Brilliant Solution: Inventing the American Constitution (New York: Harcourt, 2002), p. 44. ISBN-10: 0156028727, ISBN-13: 978-0156028721 Google Scholar
Carson, Gary, Norman F. Barka, William M. Kelso, Garry Wheeler Stone, and Upton Dell; 1981 Impermanent Architecture in the Southern American Colonies. Winterthur Portfolio, Volume 16, Numbers 2/3, pp. 135-196. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdfplus/10.1086/496029
Carter, C. (1918). British Policy towards the American Indians in the South, 1763-8. The English Historical Review, 33(129), 37-56. Retrieved January 7, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/551168
Carter, David Wendel. Notable Southern Families: Carter of Tennessee including the Taylors, descendants of Colonel John Carter of Tennessee. Chattanooga, TN: The Lookout Publishing Co., 1927. https://archive.org/stream/carteroftennesse00cart/carteroftennesse00cart_djvu.txt
Cash, M. (1942). Arkansas in Territorial Days. The Arkansas Historical Quarterly, 1(3), 223-234. doi:10.2307/40030572.
Catesby, Mark; 1754 The Natural History of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands. London. Reprint 2018 ISBN-10: 1385791268, ISBN-13: 978-1385791264 https://ia800502.us.archive.org/32/items/mobot31753000502952/mobot31753000502952.pdf
Cave, A. A.; (2017): Sharp Knife: Andrew Jackson and the American Indians (Native America: Yesterday and Today); Praeger; ISBN-10: 1440860394, ISBN-13: 978-1440860393
Cayton, A. R. L.; (1992). "Separate Interests" and the Nation-State: The Washington Administration and the Origins of Regionalism in the Trans-Appalachian West. The Journal of American History, 79(1), 39-67. doi:10.2307/2078467
Lynn Ceci, "The Value of Wampum among the New York Iroquois: A Case Study in Artifact Analysis," Journal of Anthropological Research 38, no. 1 (Spring, 1982): 97-107. https://doi.org/10.1086/jar.38.1.3629950 . CrossRef | Google Scholar
ABSTRACT
The archeological and documentary evidence for wampum permits the reconstruction of an economic system linking three early historic cultures in the Northeast: Algonquian, colonial, and Iroquois. While the roles of the first two cultures can be outlined, the basis for Iroquois participation, i.e., their desire for wampum, is incompletely understood. Using sources from archeology, history, ethnohistory, ethnography, economics, and anthropological theory, ten cultural factors are presented which explain the high esteem given wampum by the Iroquois. The last and most complex argument ties mythological accounts of wampum's origins to social, economic, political, and ideational process, that is, to the evolution of the Iroquois League. The study represents a multidisciplinary approach to artifact analysis, and is a case study of the role of shell beads in culture change.
Chapman, C. H.; (1983): Indians and Archaeology of Missouri, University of Missouri; ISBN-10: 0826204015, ISBN-13: 978-0826204011
Chapman, C. (1985). The Amateur Archaeological Society: A Missouri Example. American Antiquity, 50(2), 241-248. doi:10.2307/280482
EXTRACT
The amateur archaeologist is a valuable resource that has always been available, but too often one not fully developed. The formation of amateur archaeological societies is one way to coalesce the various interests and skills of non-professional or avocational and professional archaeologists in the pursuit of archaeological knowledge. The founders of the Society for American Archaeology recognized the value of bringing together all those interested in and working in archaeology when the organization was formed in 1934. To this day the Society is not an organization for professionals only: it still encourages and accepts amateurs as members.
Chapman, J. The Digital Archaeological Record; Compilation of Writings, https://core.tdar.org/browse/creators/31362/jefferson-chapman
Chapman, Jefferson; 1973; The Icehouse Bottom Site 40MR23. University of Tennessee Department of Anthropology Report of Investigations, No. 13. Knoxville, Tennessee (tDAR id: 147237) ASIN: B0006W8UGI.
Chapman, Jefferson; 1977; Archaic Period Research in the Lower Little Tennessee River Valley. University of Tennessee Department of Anthropology, Report of Investigations, No. 18. Knoxville, Tennessee. https://books.googleusercontent.com/books/content?req=AKW5QadCWek9Zxqb1P601sILJh8BP0gqpSW6xRAg5YkxYQIOwj2lN-9xY0N1OBkUQNVoIq2eNBgNWGWfsdk5_tkF-Ofa9W7G5MnnuiSskEIeO_DupCMZBQUtguy8XyZNLuBUKOYAosRnBo6JQzIkuat-bmkcxzaEpT9e34n4qCBjDMPMxb4AG_71XMTlWHfXvx1_mv8vR27GxQp66ukaPlrSRmZDxxodJnWd-i0P5TdDUNMXobNPloMm-ww1xmVakd9Cejhe3DmR1d6DJoC9tMas7dhxyA3JXw
Chapman, Jefferson; 1979; The 1978 Archaeological Investigations at the Citico Site (40MR7). Report on File, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee. Knoxville, Tennessee. https://www.si.edu/object/siris_sil_967362
Chapman, Jefferson; 1981; The Bacon Bend and Iddins Sites: The Late Archaic Period in the Lower Little Tennessee River Valley. University of Tennessee Department of Anthropology, Report of Investigations, Number 31; and Tennessee Valley Authority Publications in Anthropology, Number 25. Knoxville, Tennessee. (tDAR id: 147564), ASIN: B00HVRE6EQ
Chapman, Jefferson; 1983; The American Indian in Tennessee: An Archaeological Perspective. The Frank H. McClung Museum, University of Tennessee. Knoxville, Tennessee. ASIN: B002J7P49Y
Chapman, Jefferson; 1985; Tellico Archaeology: 12,000 Years of Native American History. Report of Investigations No.50. Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee. ISBN-10: 0870498711, ISBN-13: 978-0870498718
Chappell, Edward; 1973 A Study of Horseshoes in the Department of Archaeology, Colonial Williamsburg. In Five Artifact Studies by Audrey Noel Hume, Merry W. Abbitt, Robert H. McNulty, Isabel Davies, and Edward Chappell, pp. 100- 116. Colonial Williamsburg Occasional Papers in Archaeology, Volume I. The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, Williamsburg, Virginia. ISBN-10: 0879350105, ISBN-13: 978-0879350109
Charles, D. K. (1985). Corporate Symbols: An Interpretative Prehistory of Indian Burial Mounds in West Central Illinois, Ph.D. dissertation, Northwestern University, Evanston, Ill. Google Scholar
Charles D.K. (1995) Diachronic Regional Social Dynamics. In: Beck L.A. (eds) Regional Approaches to Mortuary Analysis. Interdisciplinary Contributions to Archaeology. Springer, Boston, MA
ABSTRACT
For 25 years it has been generally acknowledged that archaeological remains from cemeteries carry symbolic content, but the methods by which we may identify and interpret these symbols have been greatly contested. Two works set the tone for the 1970s: Lewis Binford’s seminal article, “Mortuary Practices: Their Study and Their Potential,” first offered in 1966 and published in 1971, and Arthur Saxe’s Ph.D. dissertation, Social Dimensions of Mortuary Practices, available since 1970. Both address the potential of mortuary studies for the reconstruction of social organization. This approach is particularly exemplified in the work of Joseph Tainter (1975, 1977a,b, 1978) during this period, and perhaps culminated in the volume The Archaeology of Death, edited by Robert Chapman and others (1981), with contributions by Richard Bradley, James Brown, Jane Buikstra, Lynne Goldstein, and John O’Shea. The Binford-Saxe approach may be encapsulated by the statement: The variability and structure in a society’s treatment of its dead, including that which can be archaeologically recovered, will be isomorphic with the variability and structure of the social dimensions of the society.
Charles, D. K., and Buikstra, J. E. (1983). Archaic mortuary sites in the central Mississippi drainage: Distribution, structure and behavioral implications. In Phillips, J. L., and Brown, J. A. (eds.),Archaic Hunters and Gatherers in the American Midwest, Academic Press, New York, pp. 117–146. ISBN-10: 0125539800, ISBN-13: 978-0125539807 Google Scholar
Charlton, Thomas, and Patricia G. Fournier 1993 Urban and Rural Dimensions of the Contact Period: Central Mexico 1521–1620. In Ethnohistory and Archaeology: Approaches to Post-Contact Change in the Americas, J. Daniel Rogers and Samuel Wilson, editors, pp. 201–222. Plenum Press, New York. CrossRef Google Scholar
ABSTRACT
The conquest and transformation of Mesoamerican civilizations during the Colonial and Republican periods provide one of the most dynamic and widespread examples of acculturation known to anthropology. Ethnologists, ethnohistorians, and historians have studied in some detail both the processes and the results of this acculturation (e.g., Farriss 1984; Foster 1960; Gibson 1964, 1981; Hassig 1985; Lovell 1985; MacLeod 1973). Archaeologists, despite statements about interest in processes of culture change and cultural evolution (e.g., Blanton et al. 1981; Sanders, Parsons, and Santley 1979; Wolf 1976), with few exceptions (e.g., Gasco 1987), have either neglected or oversimplified the processes and the results of the postconquest changes. This is most unfortunate.
Cherokee Nation; Laws of the Cherokee Nation Adopted by the Council at various Periods. Tahlequah, C.N.: n.p., 1852. https://www.loc.gov/law/help/american-indian-consts/PDF/28014183.pdf
Cherokee Phoenix and Indian Advocate. https://www.loc.gov/item/sn83020874
Christie, I. R. Crisis of Empire: Great Britain and the American Colonies 1754-1783. Foundations of Modern History, ed. A. Goodwin. New York: W. W. Norton, 1966. ASIN: B000N203MK
Chueco Goitia, Fernando, and Leopoldo Torres Bálbas 1981 Planos de ciudades Ibéroamericanos y Filipinas, Vol. 1, Láminas. Instituto de Estudios en Administración Local, Madrid, Spain. https://www.worldcat.org/title/planos-de-ciudades-iberoamericanas-y-filipinas-existentes-en-el-archivo-de-indias-1-laminas/oclc/491702151
Church, Barbara Hume; 1978 The Early Architecture of the Lower Valley of Virginia. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Division of Architectural History of the School of Architecture, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.
Church, F. (1987). An Inquiry into the Transition from Late Woodland to Late Prehistoric Cultures in the Central Scioto Valley, Ohio, Ph.D. dissertation, Ohio State University, Columbus. https://etd.ohiolink.edu/!etd.send_file?accession=osu1487324944213916&disposition=inline Google Scholar
Claflin, W. H. 1931 The Stalling's Island mound, Columbia County, Georgia. Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archeology and Ethnology, Harvard University XIV(l). ASIN: B0006WDPU4
Clair, Robin Patric. “Organizing Silence: Silence as Voice and Voice as Silence in the Narrative Exploration of the Treaty of New Echota.” Western Journal of Communication. 1997. 61(3): 315-337. https://doi.org/10.1080/10570319709374580
ABSTRACT
I begin this essay with a historical narrative that recounts the events leading to the signing of the Treaty of New Echota. Although I focus on the life of Kilakeena (a.k.a. Elias Boudinot), this is not simply the story of one man. Others' stories are embedded within the historical narrative of the Treaty of New Echota. The story of the Cherokee Nation, especially the events surrounding the Cherokee removal of 1838–39, is a story that is rich with examples of voice and silence. Following this narrative telling, I discuss ways that people are silenced. I give special attention to the practices of naming and fractionating. I discuss four additional issues: (1) how the use of multiple narrative genres (i.e., historical narratives, ancestral narratives, personal narratives, and contemporary narratives) can be juxtaposed to give voice to issues that might otherwise go unheard, (2) how the metaphors of voice and silence might encumber the research process especially due to their connotation of disembodiment, (3) how voice does not necessarily culminate in emancipation, and (4) how the metaphors of voice and silence can contain each other (i.e., voice as silence and silence as voice).
Clark, Joseph Stanley. "The Eastern Boundary of Oklahoma Chronicles of Oklahoma, XI, No. 4 December, 1933, 1084-1110. https://cdm17279.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p17279coll4/id/31887/rec/53
Clark, Mary Whatley. Chief Bowles and the Texas Cherokees. Norman, Okla.: University of Oklahoma Press, 1971. ISBN-10: 0806134364, ISBN-13: 978-0806134369
Clay, R. (1998). THE ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF ADENA RITUAL AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS. Southeastern Archaeology, 17(1), 1-21. Retrieved January 13, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/41890386
ABSTRACT
The significant site elements of Adena, accretional burial mounds, paired-post "houses," ceremonial circles, and large earthwork enclosures have been the staple of the Adena concept since the intensive work by William S. Webb and his associates. These elements are reviewed here and linked as parts of a larger ritual landscape. Their seeming complexity, coupled with the lack of "domestic" contexts to go with them, has led to potentially misleading interpretations of Adena stressing social group identity and individual status differentiation. In this paper the Adena ritual landscape is contextualized in our emerging understanding of domestic Adena. Despite the cumulative adaptive success of patterns of exchange rooted in the Archaic Period and central to the Early Woodland, it is suggested that the Ohio Valley Adena ritual landscape (ca 400 BC-AD 250) continued to reflect the cooperation between smaller, mobile social units. The alternative, that adaptive success during the Early Woodland saw the development of increased competition, emerging corporate group identities, and social group boundary formation, seems not to have been a factor in spite of the size and complexity of the ritual structures.
Claymore, B. (1988). A public health approach to suicide attempts on a Sioux reservation. American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research, 1 (3), 19–24. DOI: 10.5820/aian.0103.1988.19, http://www.ucdenver.edu/academics/colleges/PublicHealth/research/centers/CAIANH/journal/Documents/Volume%201/1(3).pdf
Clements Library: William L. Clements Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Michigan. Coe, Joffre L.; 1961 Cherokee Archaeology. In Symposium on Cherokee and Iroquois Culture, edited by John Gulick. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 180. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/278096
Clements, Forrest E. 1945. Historical Sketch of the Spiro Mound. Contributions from the Museum of the American Indian Heye Foundation, Vol. XIV. ASIN: B0010ZJZSW
Clendinnen, Inga 1987 Ambivalent Conquests. Maya and Spaniard in Yucatan, 1517–1570. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Great Britain. ISBN-10: 0521527317, ISBN-13: 978-0521527316 Google Scholar
Clinton, R. N.; (1989) The Proclamation of 1763: Colonial Prelude to Two Centuries of Federal-State Conflict over the Management of Indian Affairs; 69 B.U. L. Rev. 329 (1989) https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/bulr69&div=15&id=&page=
ABSTRACT
On October 7, 1763, the British colonial government issued the famous Proclamation of 1763. This important document restructured the management of Indian affairs in the original thirteen states, Canada, and Florida. In particular, the Proclamation directly addressed three issues of colonial Indian policy, issues that continued to plague United States Indian policy after the Revolution: Indian property rights, tribal separatism and autonomy, and the primacy of the central government over the colonies in the management of Indian policy. Indeed, more than any other document or single historical event during the colonial period, the Proclamation of 1763 embodied an enlightened colonial policy that sought to facilitate both Native American trade and colonial expansion while recognizing Indian rights in the land. This article examines the history and influence of the Proclamation in colonial and modern American law and demonstrates the failure of federal and state governments to learn from the teachings of this past. It first resurrects, describes, and surveys the political and diplomatic history surrounding the Proclamation of 1763, exploring the gradual British disenchantment with colonial management of Indian affairs. Then it analyzes the Proclamation in detail, emphasizing its significance in the restructuring of British colonial machinery for managing Indian affairs and protecting Indian rights to land and resources. Finally, it examines the legacy of the colonial period in the development of modern Native American law, highlighting how themes first played out during the colonial period, and especially in the Proclamation of 1763, were repeatedly replayed in later Indian policy decisions. It concludes with a simple but urgent recommendation: federal and state governments as well as courts must learn from this difficult history if they are to begin to conduct themselves respectfully in the management of Indian affairs. Keywords: Proclamation of 1763, Indian Affairs Management, Indian Law
Cobb, C. R. 1990 Archaeological Investigations at the Headwaters of the Apalachee River: An Intensive Survey of the Dacula Tract, Gwinnett County, Georgia. Report prepared by Garrow and Associates. Copies available from Garrow and Associates, Atlanta. https://core.tdar.org/document/250181/archaeological-investigations-at-the-headwaters-of-the-apalachee-river-an-intensive-survey-of-the-dacula-tract-gwinnett-county-georgia
Cobb, C. R. 1991 Social Reproduction and the Longue Duree in the Prehistory of the Midcontinental United States. In Processual and Postprocessual Archaeologies: Multiple Ways of Knowing the Past, edited by Preucel, R. W, pp. 168–182. Occasional Paper No. 10. Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale ISBN-10: 0881040746 ISBN-13: 978-0881040746
Cobb, C. R. and Butler, B. M.; (2002); The Vacant Quarter Revisited: Late Mississippian Abandonment of the Lower Ohio Valley. American Antiquity 67(4):625-641. https://www.jstor.org/stable/i271767
Cobb, C. R., and Nassaney, M. S. 1982 Mitigation Excavations at the Chestatee Site, North Georgia. The Florida Anthropologist 35: 3–33. https://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00027829/00224
Cobb, C. R., and Nassaney, M. S. 1995 Late Woodland Interaction and Integration. In Native American Interactions, edited by Nassaney, M. S. and Sassaman, K.E. pp. 218–248. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville. ISBN-10: 0870498959, ISBN-13: 978-0870498954
EXERPT
While the early cultural clashes between Native Americans and Europeans have long engaged scholars, far less attention has been paid to interactions among indigenous peoples themselves prior to the contact period. The essays in this volume, derived largely from the 1992 meeting of the Southeastern Archaeological Conference, mark a major step in correcting that imbalance.
Long before Europeans sailed west in search of the East, Native Americans of various ethnic groups were encountering each other and interacting socially, both amicably and otherwise. Over the course of ten thousand years - from Paleoindian to Mississippian times - these interactions had a profound effect on the historical development of these societies and their material culture, social relations, and institutions of integration. In probing such encounters, the contributors reject reductive models and instead combine a variety of theoretical orientations - including world systems theory, Marxist analysis, and ecosystems approaches - with empirical evidence from the archaeological record.
Cobb, C. R.; (2003): Mississippian Chiefdoms: How Complex?; Annual Review of Anthropology; Vol. 32:63-84; October 2003; https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.32.061002.093244
ABSTRACT
During the Mississippian period (a.d. 1000–1500) the southeastern United States witnessed a broadscale fluorescence of polities characterized by impressive earthwork construction, rich mortuary offerings, and intensified agriculture. Research on the nature of complexity in these so-called chiefdoms has been an enduring issue in North American archaeology, even as this research has undergone several paradigmatic shifts. This study focuses on the primary dimensions of the archaeological record used to describe and explain variation in Mississippian complexity—polity scale, settlement and landscape, the organization of labor, mortuary ritual and ideology, and tribute and feasting. Changing perspectives toward the organization of complexity and power have become increasingly pronounced in each of these categories.
Cobb, C., & Garrow, P. (1996). Woodstock Culture and the Question of Mississippian Emergence. American Antiquity, 61(1), 21-37. doi:10.2307/282295
ABSTRACT
North American archaeologists see the study of the Emergent Mississippian period (ca. A.D. 800—1000) as critical for understanding the development of the Mississippian chiefdoms (ca. A.D. 1000—1500) of the American Southeast. Past research has frequently sought to explain that development in terms of generalized explanations, whose key variables become evident during the Emergent Mississippian period. Through an example in northwest Georgia, we argue that the Emergent Mississippian phenomenon is best understood by focusing on regional histories and multiscalar processes.
Cohen, Felix S. Hand book of Federal Indian Law, Washington: U. S. Department of the Interior, 1941. See: Federal Indian Law. http://thorpe.ou.edu/cohen.html
Colbert, J., Du Breuil, J., & Lewis, A. (1943). Some Spanish Letters Written from Arkansas Post. The Arkansas Historical Quarterly, 2(1), 51-57. doi:10.2307/40021459
Colbert, T. (1989). American Indian Quarterly, 13(2), 200-202. doi:10.2307/1184066 , https://www.jstor.org/stable/i250732
Cole, F., and Denel, T. (1975). Rediscovering Illinois: Archaeological Explorations in the Around Fulton County, University of Chicago Press, Chicago. ISBN-10: 0226113361, ISBN-13: 978-0226113364
Combes, John D.; 1974 Charcoal Kilns and Cemetery at Paris Mountain State Park. Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology Notebook, Volume VI, Number 1, pp. 3-16. University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina. https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1033&context=notebook
Compton, Brian Patrick. “Revised History of Fort Watauga.” M.A. Thesis, East Tennessee State University, 2004. https://dc.etsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2260&context=etd
Conant, A. J. 1879 Footprints of Vanished Races. Barns, C. R., St. Louis. ASIN: B000WU9TTG https://books.googleusercontent.com/books/content?req=AKW5QacjdMvCqkMLGT65qxQdvGRZeTJx-QnCaYuDsemFdU9p3WjozHT7DZwj7quoQIVM4pbnB2ZiVIJ-a1UIhI5U_pV17xWNxkK789oFyHXWWDtnZTrClTFc1OzGa6YVWBSRVOo0zwDbfs7ZYLuzB1M529hcBMqwIfchsTKSI-VJpYLiegV1EOCjPoIWawayoMv5L609i_IDDSRTWuh_NcMpyoVyvHp_8Nbh5aeQfsAVc46D2wFz82SFf2XjpL7u_X0VqNdqDQjpmjmbYa9lfreBttMr1q2u-l7-M2l4u9YUYNChAk1jqE0
Converse, R. N. (1980). The Glacial Kame Indians, Archaeological Society of Ohio, Worthington. ASIN: B00069WGKC
Cook, Noble David 1998 Born to Die: Disease and New World Conquest, 1492–1650. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Great Britain. ISBN-10: 0521627303, ISBN-13: 978-0521627306
Cook, T. (1921). OLD FORT LOUDON, THE FIRST ENGLISH SETTLEMENT IN WHAT IS NOW THE STATE OF TENNESSEE, AND THE FORT LOUDON MASSACRE. Tennessee Historical Magazine, 7(2), 111-133. Retrieved January 13, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/44698757
Cooper, Hobart S.; 1936a Memoranda Re: Fort Loudoun Restoration as of June 21, 1936. Memoranda on file in the Hobart S. Cooper Papers, C. M. McClung Historical Collection, Lawson McGhee Library, Knox County Public Library System, Knoxville, Tennessee.
Cooper, Hobart S.; 1936b Narrative Report, Fort Loudoun Restoration. Report on file in the Hobart S. Cooper Papers, C. M. McClung Historical Collection, Lawson McGhee Library, Knox County Public Library System, Knoxville, Tennessee.
Cooper, Hobart S.; 1936b Narrative Report, Fort Loudoun Restoration. Report on file in the Hobart S. Cooper Papers, C. M. McClung Historical Collection, Lawson McGhee Library, Knox County Public Library System, Knoxville, Tennessee. Archaeology of Fort Loudoun Site. Report on file in Hobart S. Cooper Papers, C. M. McClung Historical Collection, Lawson McGhee Library, Knox County Public Library System, Knoxville, Tennessee.
Cooper, Hobart S.; 1936b Narrative Report, Fort Loudoun Restoration. Report on file in the Hobart S. Cooper Papers, C. M. McClung Historical Collection, Lawson McGhee Library, Knox County Public Library System, Knoxville, Tennessee. Archaeological Excavations Fort Loudoun, Monroe County, Tennessee. Report on file in the Hobart S. Cooper Papers, C. M. McClung Historical Collection, Lawson McGhee Library, Knox County Public Library System Knoxville, Tennessee.
Corbitt, D. (1939). PAPERS RELATING TO THE GEORGIA-FLORIDA FRONTIER, 1784-1800. X. The Georgia Historical Quarterly, 23(1), 77-79. Retrieved January 7, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/40576609
Corbitt, D. (1942). Arkansas in the American Revolution. The Arkansas Historical Quarterly, 1(4), 290-306. doi:10.2307/40037514
Corkran, D. (1957). CHEROKEE PRE-HISTORY. The North Carolina Historical Review, 34(4), 455-466. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/23517083
Corkran, David H.; 1962 The Cherokee Frontier, Conflict and Survival 1740-1762. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma. ISBN-10: 0806152834, ISBN-13: 978-0806152837
Cotterill, R. (1942). The Virginia-Chickasaw Treaty of 1783. The Journal of Southern History, 8(4), 483-496. doi:10.2307/2192090
Cotterill, Robert S. The Southern Indians: The Story of the Civilized Tribes Before Removal. University of Oklahoma Press, 1954. ISBN-10: 0806111712, ISBN-13: 978-0806111711
Council, R. B. and Honerkamp, N.; (1990); Limited Excavation of a Dallas Period Mississippian Housesite at the Heritage Place Site, 40HA210, Chattanooga, Hamilton County, Tennessee. Research Contributions Number 4, Jeffrey L. Brown Institute of Archaeology, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga. https://scholar.utc.edu/archaeology-reports/19/
ABSTRACT
The Jeffrey L. Brown Institute of Archaeology, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, conducted secondary testing and limited salvage excavations at the Heritage Place Site, 40HA210, Chattanooga, Hamilton County, Tennessee, in April 1985. Sponsored by the Stone Fon Land Company, the excavations were predicated by imminent construction impact on a parcel of land adjoining the right bank of the Tennessee River at mile 465. In seeking a permit to access the river, the developer was required by the Anny Corps of Engineers to conduct a survey of the property to determine if archaeological resources would be threatened by construction. The Institute was engaged by the Stone Fon Land Company to conduct a survey of the construction site. The area tested consisted of a strip of broad river terrace 400m (1300') wide and 1100m (3600') long. Surface collections from the site indicated the presence of a variety of historic and prehistoric occupations on the propeny identified as the Hampton and Marsh tracts. An archaeological survey of the Heritage Place Site in November 1984 demonstrated the presence of Woodland and Mississippian cultural debris on the site, and in the course of systematic subsurface testing a burial was partially exposed. Funded by a donation, the Institute returned to the site in April, 1985, and conducted a limited-scale secondary testing program on the site, concentrating on the excavation of portions of a wattle and daub house structore and the salvage of two burials. Excavation of the housesite revealed a series of charred wooden posts, one modelled-rim hearth, two shallow pits, three postholes, and two inhumations. The outline of the house was not fully exposed. Radiocarbon date detenninations on charcoal samples from the house structure indicated construction about 1350 A.D., associating the occupation of the house with the Dallas Period of the Mississippian Tradition. Structural evidence and the artifact assemblage conforms to the Dallas attribution.
Council, R. Bruce, "An archaeological survey of the proposed water reservoir on Scott, Holywater, and Sewanee Creeks, Grundy County, Tennessee" (1989). Jeffrey L. Brown Institute of Archaeology Reports. 34. https://scholar.utc.edu/archaeology-reports/34
ABSTRACT
Nicholas Honerkamp, Director of the Jeffrey L. Brown Institute of Archaeology, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, was contacted by Hendon Engineering Associates, Birmingham, and asked to submit a technical proposal and bid to perform an archaeological survey on a tract of land to be impacted by construction of a proposed water reservoir for the municipality of Tracy City, Grundy County, Tennessee. The archaeological assessment was instigated by the State of Tennessee, Department of Conservation, Division of Archaeology. The State required that prior to final design of the proposed dam that the areas to be potentially impacted be subjected to an archaeological survey to determine the nature, distribution, and significance of prehistoric and historic cultural resources present. As a qualified archaeologist recognized by the state, Honerkamp was approached to submit a technical research proposal and budget for the needed archaeological survey. Honerkamp was awarded the project and undertook the research under a personal services contract. The author was engaged by Honerkamp to participate in the field survey and produce the final report.
Council, R. Bruce, "A phase I archaeological survey of a proposed 6" force main sewer route over Lookout Creek, Chattanooga, Hamilton County, Tennessee" (1989). Jeffrey L. Brown Institute of Archaeology Reports. 39. https://scholar.utc.edu/archaeology-reports/39
ABSTRACT
At the request of the Hamilton County Engineering Department, through their consultants Piedmont Olson Hensley, the Jefffey L. Brown Institute of Archaeology, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga (hereafter, the Institute), prepared a technical proposal and budget to perform a Phase I archaeological survey of portions of a proposed six-inch force main sewer that would cross Lookout Creek near Tiftonia. Passing through the federally-controlled pond of Nickajack Lake as it extends up Lookout Creek from the nearby Tennessee River, the proposed sewer route was reviewed by the Regulatory Branch of the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Tennessee Historical Commission. These agencies determined that an archaeological reconnaissance of part of the proposed route was necessary to determine potential impacts on cultural resources, consonant with public law.
Council, R. Bruce, "Ross's Landing at Chattanooga : a cultural resource history of the Chattanooga waterfront" (1989). Jeffrey L. Brown Institute of Archaeology Reports. 24. https://scholar.utc.edu/archaeology-reports/24 https://scholar.utc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1032&context=archaeology-reports
ABSTRACT
As it was 150 years ago, Ross's Landing is once more the center of attention in the community more commonly known by the name Chattanooga. The historical identity of the city is rooted in one particular place, a river crossing where two nations met early in the 19th century. Beginning in the late 1950s, the physical landscape of the city core has undergone radical transformations forever altering the appearance of the oldest parts of Chattanooga. Perhaps also lost amid modern demolition and construction is the memory of the cultural landscape of the last century.
Council, R. B.; (1987); The Tennessee Riverpark excavations: Archaeological testing at sites 40HA102 and 40HA233, Chattanooga, Hamilton County, Tennessee. https://scholar.utc.edu/archaeology-reports/23/
ABSTRACT
Secondary archaeological testing was undertaken by the Jeffrey L. Brown Institute of Archaeology, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, at two prehistoric sites in Chattanooga, Hamilton County, Tennessee. The Fishing Center Site, 40HA102, and the Fairgrounds Site, 40HA233, were multi-component aboriginal occupations on the left (south) bank of the Tennessee River at about mile 468. Testing was predicated by the imminent construction of a public recreational facility known as the Tennessee Riverpark. On site 40HA102, the secondary testing was escalated into data recovery operations. Site 40HA102 evidenced occupations from the Middle Archaic to Mississippian periods, with principal habitation occurring during the Woodland DI, Mississippian I, and Mississippian III periods. A backhoe search trench revealed site stratigraphy and exposed two Archaic hearths situated near the crest and on the frontslope of an alluvial terrace. Uncorrected radiocarbon dates on the two features were 2460 B.C. and 2870 B.C., assigning them to the early portion of the Late Archaic period. When corrected after Damon et al. (1974), calendar dates of 3120 B.C. and 3610 B.C. are obtained, placing the features in the late Middle Archaic time range. Excavation of twelve hand-excavated test units ranging in size from lm by 2m to 2m by 3m provided data on horizontal and vertical distribution of cultural deposits in the core area of the 3.7 acre site. One Woodland interment was discovered during the systematic test pitting. In the final phase of site research, a 223 square meter area was stripped to expose and recover twelve Mississippian burials, one of which was radiocarbon dated to A.D. 1260, uncorrected, and A.D. 1250, corrected, nominally placing the feature in the late Mississippian II or Hiwassee Island period. In the absence of diagnostic artifacts from the Hiwassee Island period, the mortuary population and associated features is assigned to the early Mississippian III period or Dallas phase. The demographic profile of the mortuary population was skewed in favor of women. The Dallas component is interpreted as being a small satellite farming hamlet. One Woodland burial was recovered during initial testing of the site, and four more individuals (in two double interments) of probable Woodland origin were recovered from pit burial contexts during salvage operations on the site after the start of pre-construction land clearing. Several unassociated human skeletal elements were retrieved from surface and plowzone contexts, indicating prior disturbance of inhumations in the historic period. Alluviation of the site has aggraded the surface of the T1 flood levee crest on 40HA102 in excess of 1.5 meters since c. 3,000 B.C. Degradation of the T1 levee crest may also have occurred due to colluvial movements, and has demonstrably occurred by plowing and fillborrowing activities in the historic period. Because of profile truncation, Woodland III and Mississippian I and III deposits have been impacted. Multiple features, including burials, postholes and subsistence pits, were exposed in a large-area block excavation opened by stripping of the modem plowzone. Site 40HA233 was represented by stratified cultural deposits exceeding 2.5 meters in depth and ranging in date from the Woodland I to the Mississippian I neriods with the principal occupation occurring during the Woodland II period. Testing occurred near the foot of frontslope levee deposits associated with the absent T1 levee crest. No distinct cultural features were encountered in the excavation, although the small sample size (8 square meters) reduced the probability of encountering features. Artifacts from the Woodland I period are more common on 40HA233 than 40HA102. Modern ground truncation seriously impacted the southern margins of the site, and the deposits sampled in the testing program are thought to represent the margins rather than the core of the archaeological site.
Craddock, Charles Egbert; 1899; Story of Old Fort Loudoun. McMillan, New York. ASIN: B07QXXDM1N
Crane, V.W. 1981. The Southern Frontier, pp. 1670–1732. W.W. Norton, New York [Originally published 1928] ISBN-10: 0817350829, ISBN-13: 978-0817350826 Google Scholar
Crass, David Colin, et al, eds. The Southern Colonial Backcountry: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Frontier Communities. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press, 1998. https://trace.tennessee.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1014&context=utk_early-american
Crawford, G. (1982). LATE ARCHAIC PLANT REMAINS FROM WEST-CENTRAL KENTUCKY: A SUMMARY. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology, 7(2), 205-224. Retrieved January 14, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/20707891. Google Scholar
ABSTRACT
Plant remains recovered from the Late Archaic Bowles and Carlston Annis shellmounds and the Peter Cave sites are summarized. Some 73 plant taxa, including nuts, constitute the identifiable remains. Hickory was apparently the most important plant food. Squash rind from the three sites attests to a change in subsistence ecology beginning in the late third millennium B.C. Other shifts in plant food exploitation are apparent during this period, including an increased reliance on acorns. The changes, characterized by three zones in the shellmounds, are not adequately explained by a shift to food production alone. Chenopod, a dominant component of the nearby Salts Cave plant remains assemblage, is virtually absent from the shellmounds but is common at Peter Cave, indicating some continuity between the later Salts Cave subsistence pattern and the earlier west-central Kentucky occupations. Comparisons are also made with seven other midwestern and southeastern Late Archaic sites.
Cridlebaugh, Patricia A.; 1981; The Icehouse Bottom Site, 1977 Excavations. Report of Investigations 35. Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee. https://www.worldcat.org/title/archaeological-investigations-at-the-18th-century-overhill-cherokee-town-of-mialoquo-40mr3/oclc/612565248?referer=di&ht=edition
Crook, Morgan R (1985). Cagle Site Report : archaic and early woodland period manifestations in the North Georgia Piedmont. Retrieved from http://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/do:dlg_ggpd_s-ga-bt700-pe5-bm1-b1985-bc3
Crosby, Alfred 1972 The Columbian Exchange. Greenwood, Westport, CT. ISBN-10: 0275980928, ISBN-13: 978-0275980924 Google Scholar
Crouch, Dora P., Daniel J. Garr, and Axel I. Mundigo 1982 Spanish City Planning in North America. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1007357 Google Scholar
Crouch, William W; "Missionary Activities Among the Cherokee Indians, 1757-1838," Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 1932. https://trace.tennessee.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1126&context=utk_gradthes
Crusoe, D. L,, and C. B. DePratter Trans- 54(5), 1976; A new look at the Georgia coastal shell round Archaic. Florida Anthropologist, 29:1-22. https://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00027829/00058
Cumfer, C. (2003). Local Origins of National Indian Policy: Cherokee and Tennessean Ideas about Sovereignty and Nationhood, 1790-1811. Journal of the Early Republic, 23(1), 21-46. doi:10.2307/3124984
Cumfer, C; (2007): Separate Peoples, One Land: The Minds of Cherokees, Blacks, and Whites on the Tennessee Frontier; University of North Carolina Press; ISBN-10: 0807858447, ISBN-13: 978-0807858448
Cumming, William P.; 1958; The Southeast in Early Maps. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. ISBN-10: 0807868981, ISBN-13: 978-0807868980
Curry, A. (1972). Bringing of forms, Colorado Springs, CO: Dustbooks. Distributed by Seventh-Wing Publications. Google Scholar
D
Dale, Edward Everett, and Gaston Litton, eds. Cherokee Cavaliers: Forty Years of Cherokee History as Told in the Correspondence of the Ridge-Watie-Boudinot Family. Norman: U of Oklahoma P, 1995. ISBN-10: 080612721X, ISBN-13: 978-0806127217
Dallmeyer, R., Hess, J., & Whitney, J. (1981). Post-Magmatic Cooling of the Elberton Granite: Bearing on the Late Paleozoic Tectonothermal History of the Georgia Inner Piedmont. The Journal of Geology, 89(5), 585-600. Retrieved January 14, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/30062398
ABSTRACT
The Elberton granite is an undeformed pluton which intrudes polydeformed gneisses along the eastern margin of the Georgia Inner Piedmont. Magmatic biotite and muscovite display internally concordant, $^{40}Ar/^{39}Ar$ release spectra which record plateau dates of 235-241 m.y. Biotite from adjacent gneisses and from recrystallized xenoliths yield similar plateau ages. Hornblende from country rock amphibolite and from recrystallized xenoliths record well-defined $^{40}Ar/^{39}Ar$ plateau ages of 267-276 m.y. The $^{40}Ar/^{39}Ar$ ages are markedly younger than the 320 ± 20 m.y. crystallization age of the pluton (U-Pb zircon, Ross and Bickford 1980) and are interpreted to date times of post-magmatic cooling through temperatures required for argon retention in the various mineral species examined. Because similar ages are recorded by equivalent minerals from the country rock terrane, post-magmatic cooling must have closely followed post-metamorphic cooling of the Inner Piedmont. $^{40}Ar/^{39}Ar$ dates in the Elberton area reflect a continuation of the southeastward younging trend in Inner Piedmont hornblende and biotite ages noted by Dallmeyer (1978). Together, data from across the Georgia Inner Piedmont indicate diachronous southeastward cooling during the Late Paleozoic and show no evidence of a distinct Late Paleozoic thermal disturbance of older isotopic systems. However, elevated post-metamorphic temperatures (> 550°C) must have been maintained across the central and eastern Inner Piedmont until emplacement of the Elberton and Stone Mountain granites (320-325 m.y.), requiring significant post-metamorphic increases in geothermal gradients. Although no Late Paleozoic penetrative compressional strain is recorded in the Inner Piedmont, the increase in geothermal gradients and prolonged maintenance of elevated post-metamorphic temperatures may have been related to the Late Paleozoic (Hercynian) tectonothermal event documented in eastern portions of the southern Appalachian Piedmont. Rapid and extensive post-275 m.y. uplift of the eastern Inner Piedmont must have occurred and was probably largely accomplished en bloc.
Daniel, M. (1987). From Blood Feud to Jury System; The Metamorphosis of Cherokee Law from 1750 to 1840. American Indian Quarterly, 11(2), 97-125. doi:10.2307/1183692
Danieli, Y. (1985). The treatment and prevention of long-term effects and intergenerational transmission of victimization: A lesson from Holocaust survivors and their children. In C. R. Figley (Ed.), Trauma and its wake (pp. 295–313). New York: Brunner/Mazel. Google Scholar
Danieli, Y. (1989). Mourning in survivors and children of survivors of the Nazi Holocaust: The role of group and community modalities. In D. R. Dietrich & P. C. Shabad (Eds.), The problem of loss and mourning: Psychoanalytic perspectives (p. 427–460). International Universities Press, Inc.. Google Scholar
ABSTRACT
The following was related with agitation during a child survivors’ group therapy session of the Group Project for Holocaust Survivors and their Children by a child survivor/psychotherapist, after attending an initial class at a family therapy institute, where she and her fellow students were asked to draw and discuss their genograms1 (Guerin & Pendagast, 1976):
The contrast was so unbelievable. There was a feeling of shock, both in me and in everybody watching me. I couldn’t relate to all their full, big genograms [family trees]. And they looked at me pretty much like somebody from another planet. [In mine] everybody was crossed off, those I remembered, and half I didn’t know. There it was. A cemetery up there. The contrast was absolutely unbelievable. It does you in, stares you in the face. You can’t see it and not be profoundly affected. Literally no one survived. Its there, all the crosses. The machine gun just went throughout a whole blackboard. I had to call my mother and ask her how many brothers
Darling, Anthony D.; 1970; Red Coat and Brown Bess. Historical Arms Series, Number 12. Museum Restoration Service, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. ISBN-10: 0919316123, ISBN-13: 978-0919316126
Dating the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex in Eastern Tennessee. (2007); In Southeastern Ceremonial Complex: Chronology, Iconography, and Style, edited by Adam King, pp. 88-106. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa. ISBN-13: 978-0817354091, ISBN-10: 0817354093
Davis J.L. (2015) Intersections of Religion and Language Revitalization. In: Brunn S. (eds) The Changing World Religion Map. Springer, Dordrechtl; https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9376-6_56; ISBN 978-94-017-9375-9
Davis J.L. (2015) Intersections of Religion and Language Revitalization. In: Brunn S. (eds) The Changing World Religion Map. Springer, Dordrechtl; https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9376-6_56; ISBN 978-94-017-9375-9
Davis, John B. "The Life and Work of Sequoyah," Chronicles of Oklahoma, VIII, No. 2 (June, 1930), 149-180. https://cdm17279.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p17279coll4/id/44576/rec/35
De Baillou, Clemens; 1967; Notes on Cherokee Architecture. Southern Indian Studies, Volume 19, pp. 25-33. http://www.rla.unc.edu/Publications/NCArch/SIS_19.pdf
De Filipis, M. (1943). AN ITALIAN ACCOUNT OF CHEROKEE UPRISINGS AT FORT LOUDOUN AND FORT PRINCE GEORGE, 1760-1761. The North Carolina Historical Review, 20(3), 247-258. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/23515239
Merrens, H., & De Vorsey, L. (1972). The Journal of Southern History, 38(3), 478-480. doi:10.2307/2206108.
Deagan, K. (editor) 1983. Spanish St. Augustine: The Archaeology of a Colonial Creole Community. Academic Press, New York ISBN-13: 978-0122078804, ISBN-10: 0122078802
Deagan, K. (editor) 1995. Puerto Real: The Archaeology of a Sixteenth-Century Spanish Town in Hispaniola. University Press of Florida, Gainesville DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/281859
Deagan, K. Hist Arch (2003) 37: 3. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03376619
Deagan, Kathleen (editor) 1995 Puerto Real: The Archaeology of a Sixteenth-Century Spanish Town in Hispaniola. University Press of Florida, Gainesville. Google Scholar
Deagan, Kathleen 1982 St. Augustine: America’s First Urban Enclave. North American Archaeologist, 3(3):183–205. https://doi.org/10.2190/QG0P-CCCL-NRBG-JKU7
ABSTRACT
Archaeological and documentary investigations into the early history of St. Augustine, Florida, as an urban enclave in the Spanish colonial mold, have focused upon the city itself and the processes operating in the development and maintenance of its unique cultural system. The interaction between the data gathered by intensive, systematic archaeological testing and the detailed documentary studies has resulted in a clearer understanding of just what both classes of data actually reflect in an urban context.
Deagan, Kathleen 1985 Spanish-Indian Interaction in Sixteenth-Century Florida and Hispaniola. In Cultures in Contact, W Fitzhugh, editor, pp. 281–318. Smithsonian Institution Press and the Anthropological Society of Washington, Washington, DC. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kathleen_Deagan/publication/265668767_Spanish-Indian_Interaction_in_Sixteenth-Century_Florida_and_Hispaniola/links/5669fab608aea0892c49d50e.pdf
Deagan, Kathleen 1988 The Archaeology of the Spanish Contact Period in the Caribbean. Journal of World Prehistory, 2(2): 187–233. CrossRef Google Scholar
ABSTRACT
The arrival of Spanish conquistadors and colonists to the Caribbean in the late fifteenth century set in motion the processes that produced the post-1500 “New World.” The sixteenth-century cultural and ecological exchanges among Europe, Africa, and the Americas that took place during the early contact period greatly affected the social and economic patterns of life in both the Old and the New Worlds. Nowhere was this change manifest as profoundly and dramatically as in the sixteenth-century Caribbean. This essay explores the archaeological insights into the processes of encounter between the Amerindian peoples of the Caribbean region and the first permanent Europeans in the Americas and the responses of each to contact with the other. Archaeological research has informed our understanding of this seminal era in New World cultural development in important ways. It had also allowed the documentation of both the cultural and demographic disintegration of the Caribbean Indians and the formation of Euro-American culture.
Deagan, Kathleen 1996 Colonial Transformations: Euro-American Cultural Genesis in the Early Spanish-American Colonies. Journal of Anthropological Research, 52(2): 135–160. CrossRef Google Scholar
ABSTRACT
Archaeological and historical data from two of the earliest sites of Spanish settlement in the Americas (La Isabela, Dominican Republic, 1493-1498; and Puerto Real, Haiti, 1503-1578) indicate that the transformation of Iberian social practice and identity to Iberian-American society and identity was well under way in the households of nonelite Spanish colonists by the early sixteenth century. It is argued that this transformation was conditioned as much by new forms of domestic accommodation--most notably Spanish-Indian-African intermarriage and labor--as it was by European economic, technical, or political developments. Social adjustment to the Americas is strikingly revealed in the archaeological records of households in Spanish colonial towns, particularly when that record is organized and considered from a gendered perspective. Historical archaeology, with its unique multidisciplinary evidential base, has been the best source of information about the daily choices and adjustments made by the European, American Indian, and African residents of sixteenth-century colonial America. The implications of this for cross-cultural comparative study of colonial adaptation and the development of American colonial identity are explored.
Deagan, Kathleen 2002b Artifacts of the Spanish Colonies of Florida and the Caribbean, 1500–1800, Volume 1, Ceramics, Glassware, and Beads, updated from 1987 edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC. ISBN-10: 0874743931, ISBN-13: 978-0874743937
Deagan, Kathleen, and José M. Cruxent 2002 Columbus’s Outpost among the Taínos: Spain and America at La Isabela, 1493–1498. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT. CrossRef https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300197846/columbuss-outpost-among-tainos
ABSTRACT
In 1493, Christopher Columbus led a fleet of 17 ships and more than 1200 men to found a royal trading colony in America. Columbus had high hopes for his settlement, which he named La Isabela after the queen of Spain, but just five years later it was in ruins. It remains important, however, as the first site of European settlement in America and the first place of sustained interaction between Europeans and the indigenous Tainos. This book tells the story of this historic enterprise. Drawing on a ten-year archaeological investigation of the site of La Isabela, along with research into Columbus-era documents, the book contrasts Spanish expectations of America with the actual events and living conditions at America's first European town. It argues that La Isabela failed not because Columbus was a poor planner but because his vision of America was grounded in European experience and could not be sustained in the face of the realities of American life. Explaining that the original Spanish economic and social frameworks for colonization had to be altered in America in response to the American landscape and the non-elite Spanish and Taino people who occupied it, the book sheds light on larger questions of American colonialism and the development of Euro-American cultural identity.
Debo, Angie 1941 The Road to Disappearance: A History of the Creek Indians. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman. ISBN-10: 0806115327, ISBN-13: 978-0806115320 Google Scholar
DeJarnette, David L., and Asael T. Hansen; 1960; The Archeology of the Childersburg Site, Alabama. Department of Anthropology, Notes in Anthropology, Volume 4. Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/278762
Delcourt, P., Delcourt, H., Cridlebaugh, P., & Chapman, J. (1986). Holocene Ethnobotanical and Paleoecological Record of Human Impact on Vegetation in the Little Tennessee River Valley, Tennessee. Quaternary Research, 25(3), 330-349. doi:10.1016/0033-5894(86)90005-0
Deloria, P.J. 1998. Playing Indian. Yale University Press, New Haven ISBN-10: 0300080670, ISBN-13: 978-0300080674
Deloria, V. and Lytle, C. M. (1983). American Indians, American justice. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN-10: 029273834X, ISBN-13: 978-0292738348
DePaul L. Rev. (2001-2002) The Need for Accountability and Reparations: 1830-1976 the United States Government's Role in the Promotion, Implementation, and Execution of the Crime of Genocide against Native Americans http://via.library.depaul.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1568&context=law-review
DePratter, Chester B. 1976; The 1974-1975 archeological survey in the Wallace Reservoir, Greene, Hancock, Morgan and Putnam Counties, Georgia- final report. Ms. 192, Department of Anthropology, University of Georgia, Athens. https://archaeology.uga.edu/archlab/lab-series/66
DePratter, C. (1986). The Grand Village of the Natchez Revisited. Excavations at the Fatherland Site, Adams County, Mississippi, 1972. Robert S. Neitzel. Mississippi Department of Archives and History, Archaeological Report No. 12, Patricia Galloway, series editor, Jackson, 1983. 183 pp., plates, biblio., appendices. American Antiquity, 51(4), 878-878. doi:10.2307/280879
DeWitt, John H.; (1917): Old Fort Loudoun. Tennessee Historical Magazine, Volume 3, No.4, pp. 250-256. https://books.googleusercontent.com/books/content?req=AKW5QaesvqBZZDE52O0mZSC8QcJgn6OZAUtxrxLsgdASAhl6JnxW712WAhUlEsGWfrC74O18U8q4gjl-eeF25BWDKHlqU4Is7GkqHcxhzjnKz5-8ExwasnIHf2MP7b2gRjKQyrQKtFuJNs6ohuXpE2hiwR6Wqv_XLwPz8NwaKhj583oOxC-HpB9sCcr8ryhh7W4n6LSXg214m5qyI6ItNSzVa4vz3tNi-Jc5kttHroEOcwXTka3QXZULDV9_uT_kDJdVUI7n7yTC47zdQx77DJCRlE0S9A4sZA
Dickens, R. S., Jr. 1965 Stone Mountain II. Journal of Alabama Archaeology 11(2): 123–132. https://alabamaarchaeology.org/publications/
Dickens, R. S., Jr. 1975 A Processual Approach to Mississippian Origins in the Georgia Piedmont. Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 18: 31–42. https://www.southeasternarchaeology.org/wp-content/uploads/bulletins/SEAC%20Bulletin%2018.pdf
Dickens, Roy S., Jr.; 1976; Cherokee Prehistory the Pisgah Phase in the Appalachian Summit Region. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, Tennessee. ISBN-10: 1572331593, ISBN-13: 978-1572331594
SUMMARY
After a century of archaeological research in the Southeastern United States, there are still areas about which little is known. Surprisingly, one of these areas in the Appalachian Summit, which in historic times was inhabited by the Cherokee people whose rich culture and wide influence made their name commonplace in typifying Southeastern Indians. The culture of the people who preceded the historic Cherokees was no less rich, and their network of relationships with other groups no less wide. Until recently, however, the prehistoric cultural remains of the Southern Appalachians had received only slight attention.
Archaeological sites in the Appalachians usually do not stand out dramatically on the landscape as do the effigy mounds of the Ohio Valley and the massive platform mounds of the Southeastern Piedmont and Mississippi Valley. Prehistoric settlements in the Southern Appalachians lay in the bottomlands along the clear, rocky rivers, hidden in the folds of the mountains. Finding and investigating these sites required a systematic approach. From 1964 to 1971, under the direction of Joffre L. Coe, the Research Laboratories of Anthropology at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, conducted an archaeological project that was designed to investigate the antecedents of the historic Cherokees in the Appalachian Summit, and included site surveys over large portions of the area and concentrated excavations at several important sites in the vicinity of the historic Cherokee Middletowns.
One result of the Cherokee project is this book, the purpose of which is to present an initial description and synthesis of a late prehistoric phase in the Appalachian Summit, a phase that lasted from the beginnings of South Appalachian Mississippian culture to the emergence of identifiable Cherokee culture. At various points Professor Dickens draws these data into the broader picture of Southeastern prehistory, and occasionally presents some interpretations of the human behavior behind the material remains, however, is to make available some new information on a previously unexplored area. Through this presentation Cherokee Prehistory helps to provide a first step to approaching, in specific ways, the problems of cultural process and systemics in the aboriginal Southeast.
Dickens, Roy S., Jr.; 1979; The Origins and Development of Cherokee Culture. In the Cherokee Indian Nation, edited by Duane H. King, pp. 3-32. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, Tennessee. ISBN-10: 1572334517, ISBN-13: 978-1572334519
Dickens, Roy Selman 1978; Mississippian settlement patterns in the Appalachian Summit area: the Pisgah and Qualla phases. In Mississippian settlement patterns, edited by Bruce D. Smith, pp. 115-140. Academic Press, New York. ISBN-10: 1483206815, ISBN-13: 978-1483206813
PUBLISHER SUMMARY
This chapter discusses the Pisgah and Qualla phases of Mississippian settlement patterns in the Appalachian summit area. There are three levels of patterning in archaeological settlement data. Settlement patterns include (1) the formal and functional characteristics of individual structures and features within a settlement; (2) the arrangement and functional interrelationships of structures and structural classes composing a complete settlement; and (3) the overall arrangements and interrelationships of settlements across the landscape, both within a single cultural–environmental system and among separate systems. The chapter also discusses the three levels of settlement patterning for two successive Mississippian phases in the Appalachian Summit area of the southeastern United States. Pisgah sites tend to follow a clustered pattern in which there is a large mound site with surrounding smaller village sites, with the largest of these complexes occurring in intermontane basins. The types of intercommunity social organization that accompanied these settlement patterns are not yet known. As with the 18th century Cherokee, certain communities were larger and probably more influential than others, but it is unlikely that these town centers had direct political or administrative control over neighboring communities.
Dickinson, W. (1982). Frontier Splendor: The Carter Mansion At Sycamore Shoals. Tennessee Historical Quarterly, 41(4), 317-325. Retrieved January 15, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/42626316
Dickson, John L.; "The Judicial History of the Cherokee Nation from 1721 to 1835," Dissertation, University of Oklahoma, 1964. https://shareok.org › bitstream › handle
Dillehay, T., & Deagan, K. (1992). The Spanish quest for Empire. Antiquity, 66(250), 115-119. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00081126
EXTRACT
Observance of the Columbus Quincentenary has greatest relevance when focused on historical processes at a global scale. Nevertheless, American events and circumstances of the contact period have not received from archaeologists the attention given to the more pre-Hispanic Aztec and Inca.
The 16th-century efforts of Spain, and other western European powers, to extend empire overseas into the Americas led to a frontier-state expansion and confrontation among vastly different cultures. Colliding with each other and with powerful indigenous societies, the Spanish established the most extensive empire in the New World (FIGURE 1). The outcome shaped the destiny of America, Spain and the world.
Dillon, Phyllis; 1980 Trade Fabrics. In Burr’s Hill, A 17th Century Wampanoag Burial Ground in Warren, Rhode Island, edited by Susan G. Gibson. Studies in Anthropology and Material Culture, Volume 2, pp. 100-106. Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island. ISBN-10: 0295965584, ISBN-13: 978-0295965581
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Dinwiddie, Robert. The Official Records of Robert Dinwiddie, Lieutenant-Governor of the Colony of Virginia, 1751-1758, volume 1. Edited by R.A. Brock. Virginia Historical Society 1883 https://digital.library.pitt.edu/islandora/object/pitt%3A31735054779586/viewer
Arif Dirlik (1996) The Past as Legacy and Project: Postcolonial Criticism in the Perspective of Indigenous Historicism. American Indian Culture and Research Journal: 1996, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 1-31. https://doi.org/10.17953/aicr.20.2.l1275444802m8545
Thornton, R.; (1987); American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History since 1492. By Russell Thornton. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press; ISBN-10: 080612220X, ISBN-13: 978-0806122205
Distretti, Joe P., and Carl Kuttruff; 2004 Reconstruction, Interpretation, and Public Education at Fort Loudoun. In the Reconstructed Past: Reconstructions in the Public Interpretation of Archaeology and History, edited by John H. Jameson, Jr., pp. 167-176. Alta Mira Press, Walnut Creek, California. ISBN-13: 978-0759103764, ISBN-10: 0759103763
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Dobyns, Henry 1983 Their Number Become Thinned: Native American Population Dynamics in Eastern North America. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville. https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr/89.5.1380
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Dragoo, D. W. (1976). Some aspects of Eastern North American prehistory: A review 1975.American Antiquity 41: 3–27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/279039
ABSTRACT
Eastern North American was the scene of significant and complex cultural developments which go back to man’s earliest penetration into mid-continent through the ice-free corridor from Alaska probably more than 30,000 years ago. The most extensive remains of Early Man’s culture in the New World are in the Southeast where several stages of development can be demonstrated. Following the Wisconsin Glacial period the descendants of the Early Lithic hunters-gatherers began the gradual adjustment to a variety of ecological environments that gave rise to distinctive regional or zonal Archaic complexes in the East. By late Archaic times burial ceremonialism was a prominent feature of several complexes scattered from the Northeast into the Great Lakes and Ohio Valley. The Woodland cultures of the East such as Adena and Hopewell developed upon a local Archaic base without new and different populations bringing exotic cultural ideas to the East. The major new traits of the Woodland period may be seen as developing internally or as the result of independent diffusion at various times from outside stimuli. The changes from Woodland cultures to those of the Mississipian Late Prehistoric reflect a reorientation of sociocultural institutions resulting from an improved economic base and an increased population. Recent studies document the former existence of extensive trade among various peoples over a long time but especially prominent during the Hopewellian or Middle Woodland period. Increased information on settlement patterns often indicates complex adaptations in habitation and living patterns to insure maximum utilization of natural resources. Clearly much remains to be done in eastern North American archaeology. We are far from knowing the answers to many complex problems in this highly important area. New methods and techniques now being used will greatly increase the efficiency of our data collecting and the inferences that may be drawn from these data.
Draper Collection. Frontier Wars MSS. Vol.15, Holston Treaty of 1791, Newspaper Extracts 1791-93, http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/wiarchives.uw-whs-draper00j
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ABSTRACT
Data recovery at the Spiers Landing site (South Carolina 38BK160) was directed to the salvage of behavioral information from a construction-threatened, undocumented site which was ceramically datable to the turn of the late 18th/early 19th century. Research focused on the discovery of socioeconomic patterns associated with the occupation. Prehistoric components represented at the site included Archaic, Woodland and Mississippian periods. Analysis of faunal, floral, ceramic and structural remains associated with the historic component indicates that the site reflects a domestic occupation by low-status persons. Archival and documentary evidence strongly suggests that the site was a slave cabin on Fountainhead plantation, a part of property owned by Colonel Robert McKelvey. By 1850 the property as a whole was a small, multicommodity production unit with a focus on subsistence-level agriculture and livestock raising. The Spiers Landing site is seen as an example of low-status occupation against which other small historic surface artifact scatters can be compared in order to develop a series of distributional patterns by which low-status Afro-American and Euro-American sites of the colonial and antebellum periods can be archaeologically defined.
Duke, P. 1992 Braudel and North American Archaeology: An Example from the Northern Plains. In Archaeology, Annates, and Ethnohistory, edited by Knapp, A. B., pp. 99–111. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511759949.008
SUMMARY
Little attention has been paid thus far to explaining either the different rates of cultural change in the archaeological record of the Northern Plains of North America or the epistemological relationship between the prehistoric and historic pasts of the area. These two problems are examined by combining Braudel's conception of time with more recent Annaliste explications of the relationship between structure and event. With specific reference to the later prehistoric and early historic record of southern Alberta, Canada, structures of mentalite are defined in prehistoric processing and procurement activities and traced into historic period gender relationships. Geographical structures are identified in subsistence activities. These structures were transformed through a recursive relationship with human action, manifested in specific events: the adoption of the bow and arrow and ceramics, and the arrival of European cultures. By denying the existence of the prehistoric and historic pasts as epistemologically separate entities, archaeology may be used to amplify specific ethnographic and historical studies, rather than the other way around, as is usually the case.
Dunn, Ken. Blood Moon, American Epic of War and Splendor in the Cherokee Nation [Book Review] [online]. Whispering Wind, Vol. 46, No. 5, Oct/Nov 2018: 42-43. Availability: <https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=205322415110692;res=IELIND> ISSN: 0300-6565.
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Ela, M. H.; (1903); The International Relations of the Southwest Indians from 1793 to 1795, University of Wisconsin Dissertation for Master Degree. Retrieved January 6, 2020 from https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=32oyAAAAMAAJ&hl=en&pg=GBS.PP1
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Elliott, J. (2011). Ga-ne-tli-yv-s-di (Change) in the Cherokee Nation: The Vann and Ridge Houses in Northwest Georgia. Buildings & Landscapes: Journal of the Vernacular Architecture Forum 18(1), 43-63. doi:10.1353/bdl.2011.0011.
SUMMARY
A two-story brick house sits prominently atop a low hill in the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains in northwest Georgia (Figure 1). The bricks on the rear façade gleam in the setting sun. Gently sloping fields stretch across an expansive vista with the mountains in the distance. Built between 1804 and 1805, the Vann House dominates the landscape, commanding attention from its perch. At first glance, the Vann House appears to be a typical elite plantation house firmly entrenched in the neoclassical mode. However, this building stood within Cherokee territory, and its owner, James Vann, was a Cherokee regional chief. Some years later, Vann’s good friend The Ridge, another regional chief, whose Cherokee name means “He Who Walks On Top of Mountains,” also built a plantation house not far away. On the banks of the Oostanaula River, The Ridge converted his Cherokee-constructed dogtrot log cabin into a fashionable five-bay house (Figure 2). From this central location in the Nation, the warrior-trained The Ridge rose to prominence in Cherokee politics. He eventually became the Speaker of the Cherokee Nation, officially representing his people in Washington, D.C., three times during the course of his career. James Vann, although also a regional chief, became a planter and merchant who annually traveled on business to Charleston, South Carolina, and other cities along the Atlantic Coast.
Ellwood, Brooks B., James A. Whitney, David B. Wenner, Douglas Mose, and Craig Amerigian 1952 Creek and pre-Creek. In Archaeology of the Eastern United States edited by James B. Griffin, pp. 5-300. University of Chicago Press, Chicago ASIN: B000HVX2KW
Emerson, T. E., and Fortier, A. (1986). Early Woodland cultural variation, subsistence, and settlement in the American Bottom. In Farnsworth, K. B., and Emerson, T. E. (eds.), Early Woodland Archaeology, Center for American Archaeology Press, Kampsville, Ill., pp. 475–522. ISBN-10: 0942118243, ISBN-13: 978-0942118247 Google Scholar
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Emerson, T. E., McElrath, D. L., and Williams, J. A. (1986). Patterns of hunter-gatherer mobility and sedentism during the Archaic period in the American Bottom. In Neusius, S. W. (ed.), Foraging, collecting, and harvesting: Archaic period subsistence and settlement in the Eastern Woodlands. Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University—Carbondale, Occasional Paper 6: 247–274. ISBN-10: 0881040584, ISBN-13: 978-0881040586
Emerson, T. E.; Lewis, R. B; (1999): Cahokia and the Hinterlands: Middle Mississippian Cultures of the Midwest; University of Illinois Press; ISBN-10: 0252068785, ISBN-13: 978-0252068782
Emerson, T. E.; Pauketat, T. R.; )2000): Cahokia: Domination and Ideology in the Mississippian World (American Indian Lives); University of Nebraska Press; ISBN-10: 0803287658, ISBN-13: 978-0803287655
Emerson, Thomas E. 1982 Mississippian Stone Images in Illinois. Illinois Archaeological Survey, Circular 6. https://www.academia.edu/1332750/1982_Mississippian_Stone_Images_in_Illinois
Emerson, Thomas E., and Jackson, Douglas K. 1984 The BBB Motor Site (Il-Ms595). The University of Illinois Press, Urbana. ISBN-10: 025201068X, ISBN-13: 978-0252010682
Emery, Irene; 1966 The Primary Structures of Fabrics. The Textile Museum, Washington, D.C. ISBN-10: 050028802X, ISBN-13: 978-0500288023
Eno, C. (1945). Territorial Governors of Arkansas. The Arkansas Historical Quarterly, 4(4), 276-284. doi:10.2307/40018362
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Evans, Robert K. 1978 Early Craft Specialization: An Example From the Balkan Chalcolithic. In Social Archaeology: Beyond Subsistence and Dating, edited by Redman, C. L., Berman, M. J., Curtin, E. V., Langhorne, W. T., Jr. , Versaggi, N. M., and Wanser, J. C., pp. 113–129. Academic Press, New York. ISBN-10: 0125851502, ISBN-13: 978-0125851503
Evans-Pritchard, D. 1989. How “They” See “Us”: Native American Images of Tourists. Annals of Tourism Research 16:89–105 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0160738389900327?via%3Dihub CrossRef Google Scholar
ABSTRACT
Native American folklore and mythology has many examples of burlesquing “the Other”. Such historical parodies and critiques of “the whiteman” influence contemporary attitudes towards tourists. Pueblo and Navajo silversmiths in New Mexico express and manipulate stereotypical images of tourists and Indians in making and selling their work. This helps them deal with the problems of face-to-face interaction with tourists. Stereotypical images can function to defend and protect as well as to discriminate. Tourism research can profit from greater attention to “host” group attitudes towards “guests”, and situationally specific interactions between tourists and locals.
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Farnsworth, P., & Williams, J. (1992). The Archaeology of the Spanish Colonial and Mexican Republican Periods: Introduction. Historical Archaeology, 26(1), 1-6. Retrieved January 15, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/25616137
Faulkner, C. H. 1975 The Mississippian-Woodland Transition in the Eastern Tennessee Valley. Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 18: 19–30. https://www.southeasternarchaeology.org/wp-content/uploads/bulletins/SEAC%20Bulletin%2018.pdf
Faulkner, C. H.; (2013): Massacre a5t Cavett’s Station: Frontier Tennessee During the Cherokee Wars; University of Tennessee Press; ISBN-10:1-62190-019-3, ISBN-13: 978-1-62190-019-1
Faulkner, C. H., McCollough, M. C. R. (1977). Fourth report of the Normandy Archaeological Project: 1973 excavations on the Hicks I (40CF62), Eoff I (40CF32) and Eoff III (40CF107) sites. [Knoxville]: Dept. of Anthropology, University of Tennessee. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/005853533
Fawcett, W. (1988). CHANGING PREHISTORIC SETTLEMENT ALONG THE MIDDLE MISSOURI RIVER: TIMBER DEPLETION AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT. Plains Anthropologist, 33(119), 67-94. Retrieved January 12, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/25668737
ABSTRACT
Archaeologists have proposed three alternative explanations for the expansion and shifts of sedentary villagers along the Middle Missouri during the period AD 900 to 1550: 1) intensification of exchange, 2) adjustment to climatic change, and 3) timber depletion. In addition, it is possible that these settlements do not represent an expansion, but simply a continuation from earlier Woodland settlement. I focus on the timber depletion hypothesis and analyze timber utilization around the Huff site (39MO11), one of the larger fortified villages along the Middle Missouri River. On the basis of this analysis, I conclude that prehistoric timber depletion was unlikely and that other possibilities should be examined to explain changes in settlement. The occurances of timber depletion mentioned in various historical accounts are attributable to the drastic increase in wood consumption which accompanied the establishment and use of Euroamerican posts and steamboats.
Faye, S. (1945). Indian Guests at the Spanish Arkansas Post. The Arkansas Historical Quarterly, 4(2), 93-108. doi:10.2307/40022458
Federal Indian Law, A revised edition of Felix S. Cohen's Handbook of Federal Indian Law. Washington: U. S. Department of the Interior, Office of the Solicitor, 2012. ISBN-10: 0769855164, ISBN-13: 978-0769855165
Ferguson, Leland G.; 1977 An Archaeological-Historical Analysis of Fort Watson: December 1780- April 1781. In Research Strategies in Historical Archaeology, edited by Stanley South, pp. 41-71. Academic Press, New York, New York. ISBN-10: 0126557608, ISBN-13: 978-0126557602
Ferguson, T. A. 1976 Prehistoric soapstone procurement in northwestern South Carolina. Unpublished Master’s thesis, University of Tennessee, Knoxville. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/4170/
Field, Thomas W.; An Essay Toward an Indian Bibliography. New York: Scribner, Armstrong, and Co., 1873. Reprint, Detroit: Gale Research Co., 1967. ISBN-10: 1354481852, ISBN-13: 978-1354481851
Fields, Elizabeth Arnett. “Between Two Cultures: Judge John Martin and the Struggle for Cherokee Sovereignty.” The Southern Colonial Backcountry: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Frontier Communities. Ed. David Colin Crass, et al. Knoxville, TN: U of Tennessee P, 1998. 182-99. https://trace.tennessee.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1014&context=utk_early-american
Finger, J. R.; (2001): Tennessee Frontiers: Three Regions in Transition (A History of the Trans-Appalachian Frontier); Indian University Press; ISBN-10: 0253339855, ISBN-13: 978-0253339850
Fitting, J. E. (1969). Settlement analysis in the Great Lakes region. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 25: 360–377. Google Scholar
ABSTRACT
Settlement pattern studies have traditionally dealt with such units as house, village, town, and city. In the prehistoric Great Lakes Region these units do not correspond to the types of archaeological information which can usually be recovered. Settlement pattern studies were made possible in this area by considering alternative parameters of settlement. Relative measurement of site size and density, the nature of the occupation, and the composition of the group were considered in establishing a series of settlement types. The settlement types of a particular time period for a certain prehistoric "culture" were used to interpret the settlement system of those people. The settlement systems for Late Archaic, Early, Middle, and Late Woodland periods were examined, and it was possible to trace systemic changes over time. These changes could be related to both environmental change and cultural influence from outside the region.
Fitting, J. E. (1978). Regional cultural development: 300 B.C. to A.D. 1000. In Trigger, B. G. (ed.), Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 15. Northeast, Smithsonian Institute, Washington, D.C., pp. 44–57. ISBN-10: 0160045754, ISBN-13: 978-0160045752
Fitting, J. E. (1979). Middle Woodland cultural development in the Straits of Mackinac region: Beyond the Hopewell frontier. In Brose, D. S., and Greber, N. (eds.), Hopewell Archaeology: The Chillicothe Conference, Kent State University Press, Kent, Ohio, pp. 109–112. ISBN-10: 0873382366, ISBN-13: 978-0873382366
Flanders, R. E. (1977). Some observations on the Goodall focus. In For the Director: Research Essays in Honor of James B. Griffin. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Anthropological Papers, 61, Ann Arbor. ASIN: B00162TYXA
Flannery, Kent V. (Editor); 1976 The Early Mesoamerican Village. Academic Press, New York, New York. ASIN: B013PRJ8IY
Flannery, Kent V. and Marcus Winter 1976; Analyzing household activities. In the Early Mesoamerican Village, edited by K.V. Flannery, pp. 34-44. Academic Press, New York. ASIN: B013PRJ8IY
Flannery, Kent V., and Joyce Marcos (Editors); 1983 The Cloud People: Divergent Evolution of the Zapotec and Mixtec Civilizations. Academic Press, New York, New York. ISBN-10: 0971958742, ISBN-13: 978-0971958746
Fletcher, M. (1930). Louisiana as a Factor in French Diplomacy from 1763 to 1800. The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 17(3), 367-376. Retrieved January 16, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/1893076
Fletcher, M. (1948). The Post of Arkansas. The Arkansas Historical Quarterly, 7(2), 145-149. doi:10.2307/40027486
Floyd, Troy 1973 The Columbus Dynasty in the Caribbean 1492–1526. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque. ISBN-10: 0826302831, ISBN-13: 978-0826302830
Fogelman, E. (1988). Therapeutic alternatives of survivors. In R. L. Braham (Ed.), The psychological perspectives of the Holocaust and of its aftermath (pp. 79–108 ). New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN-10: 0880339608, ISBN-13: 978-0880339605
Foley, Lucy, and Jefferson Chapman; 1977 Stratigraphy and Geomorphology of the Icehouse Bottom, Harrison Branch, and Patrick Sites. In Archaic Period Research in the Lower Little Tennessee River Valley - 1975: Icehouse Bottom, Harrison Branch, Thirty Acre Island, Calloway Island, by Jefferson Chapman, pp. 179-206. University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, Report of Investigations, Number 18, Knoxville, Tennessee. https://books.googleusercontent.com/books/content?req=AKW5QadTe_das1l6RGQ0k6gFOvPAKteVq0H_YjmyL4V634ZuzLkOLr7cVToYv_yF6gSHGayRk92RFgGpnDT5s2JJ40ttEqTgSl9cFOg4Lo8rrAQ_469C5QXauzURtlMVY3W1LJUubZMdcpuRr3ohl7BZ7EFjDEeo-YnNQTtrsIXng0z2ZPZj_KpM99Ja_d_BnUFHI97YdULkAK4Pb2iVSXIrh6aDo62xc297WLvfv8_-_zCE6VarxBM57VM0fi_vj6kFsLHjk8ARCsMvQwhdXVBb_lVNJoUOaQ
Foote, William A.; 1966 The American Independent Companies of the British Army 1664-1764. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California Los Angeles. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan. https://www.worldcat.org/title/american-independent-companies-of-the-british-army-1664-1764/oclc/80711392
Forbes, John. Writings of General John Forbes, Relating to his Service in North America. Edited by Alfred Proctor James. Mensha, Wisconsin: Collegiate Press, 1938. https://digital.library.pitt.edu/islandora/object/pitt%3A00awn8170m/viewer#page/1/mode/2up
Ford, James A., and Webb, Clarence H. 1956 Poverty Point: A Late Archaic Site in Louisiana. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 46 1). New York. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/c07e/18e64a132118852457f43d4245aa59a374de.pdf Google Scholar
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Ford, R. I. (1974). Northeastern Archaeology: Past and future directions. Annual Review of Anthropology 3: 385–413. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.03.100174.002125
Foreman, Grant; edited and annotated; A Traveler in Indian Territory: The Journal of Ethan Allen Hitchcock, Late Major-General in the United States Army; Cedar Rapids, Iowa: The Torch Press, 1930. https://www.worldcat.org/title/traveler-in-indian-territory-the-journal-of-ethan-allen-hitchcock-late-major-general-in-the-united-states-army/oclc/1444588
Foreman, Grant; Indians and Pioneers: The Story of the American Southwest Before 1830. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1930. https://ia802707.us.archive.org/27/items/indianspioneerst000985mbp/indianspioneerst000985mbp.pdf
Foreman, G; Pioneer Days in the Early Southwest. Journal of American History, Volume 14, Issue 1, June 1927, Pages 99–100, https://doi.org/10.2307/1892060.
Foreword. In the Prehistory of the Chickamauga Basin in Tennessee, by T.M.N. Lewis, Madeline Kneberg, and others Volume 1, edited and compiled by L. P. Sullivan, pp. xxv-xxi. (1995a); The University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville. ISBN-10: 0870498614, ISBN-13: 978-0870498619
Foreword. In The Prehistory of the Chickamauga Basin in Tennessee, by T.M.N. Lewis, Madeline Kneberg, and others Volume 2, edited and compiled by L. P. Sullivan, pp. xxv-xxi. (1995a); The University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville. ISBN-10: 0870498622, ISBN-13: 978-0870498626
Fortescue, M., Mithun, M., Evans, N., & Mithun, M. (2017-09-21). Polysynthesis in North America. In The Oxford Handbook of Polysynthesis. : Oxford University Press. Retrieved 5 Nov. 2019, from https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199683208-e-16
Fortier, A. C., Lacampagne, R. B., and Finney, F. A. (1984). The Fish Lake Site, American Bottom Archaeology FAI-270 Site Reports 8, University of Illinois Press, Urbana and Chicago. ISBN-10: 0252010698, ISBN-13: 978-0252010699
Fortier, John B.; 1969 New Light on Fort Massac. In Frenchmen and French Ways, edited by John Francis McDermott, pp. 57-71. University of Illinois Press, Urbana, Illinois. https://www.worldcat.org/title/frenchmen-and-french-ways-in-the-mississippi-valley/oclc/10508
Foster, D; (2002): Tennessee: Territory to Statehood, Overmountain Press; ISBN-10: 1570722463, ISBN-13: 978-1570722462
Foster, George 1960 Culture and Conquest: America’s Spanish Heritage. Viking Fund Publications in Anthropology, 27. Wenner Gren Foundation, New York. ASIN: B009LNFJEO
Foster, George E. Literature of the Cherokees: Also, Bibliography and the Story of their Genesis. Ithaca, NY: Office of the Democrat; Muskogee, Indian Territory: Phoenix Publishing House, 1889. ISBN-10: 1163257222, ISBN-13: 978-1163257227
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Fowler, M. L. (1973). The Cahokia site. In Fowler, M. L. (ed.), Explorations into Cahokia Archaeology. Illinois Archaeological Survey Bulletin 7: 1–30 (rev. ed.). https://uofi.app.box.com/s/8bs19ursyha764oplt35
Fowler, M. L. (Melvin Leo). (1974). Cahokia: ancient capital of the Midwest. [Menlo Prk, Calif.: Cummings https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000247951/Cite
Fowler, M. (1975). A Pre-Columbian Urban Center on the Mississippi. Scientific American, 233(2), 92-101. Retrieved January 15, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/24949868
Fowler, M. L. (1978). Cahokia and the American Bottom. In Smith, B. D. (ed.), Mississippian Settlement Patterns, Academic Press, New York, pp. 455–478. https://www.elsevier.com/books/mississippian-settlement-patterns/smith/978-0-12-650640-2
Fowler, M. L., and Benchley, E. D. (1980). Final report of 1979 archaeological investigations at the Interpretive Center Tract, Cahokia Mounds Historic site. Report of Investigations, 40, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee Archaeological Research Laboratory. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100813757
Fowler, M. L., and Hall, R. L. (1978). Late prehistory of the Illinois area. In Trigger, B. G. (ed.), Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 15. Northeast, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., pp. 560–568. ISBN-10: 0160045754, ISBN-13: 978-0160045752
Fowler, Melvin L. 1969 The Cahokia Site. In Explorations into Cahokia Archaeology, edited by Fowler, M. L., pp. 1–30. Illinois Archaeological Survey Bulletin 7. Urbana. https://uofi.app.box.com/s/8bs19ursyha764oplt35
Fowler, Melvin L. 1974 Cahokia: Ancient Capital of the Midwest. Addison-Wesley Module in Anthropology 48:1-38. Reading, Mass. ASIN: B00RNGI86M
Fowler, Melvin L., and Hall, Robert L. 1975 Archaeological Phases at Cahokia. In Perspectives in Cahokia Archaeology, edited by Brown, J. A., pp. 1–14. Illinois Archaeological Survey Bulletin 10. Urbana.
Fowler, W. M. Jr.; (2006): Empires at War: The French and Indian War and the Struggle for North America, 1754-1763; Walker Books; ISBN-10: 9780802777379, ISBN-13: 978-0802777379
Fowler, William J. 1991 The Political Economy of Indian Survival in Sixteenth-Century Izalco, El Salvador. In Columbian Consequences, Vol. 3, The Spanish Borderlands in Pan-American Perspective, D. H. Thomas, editor, pp. 187–204. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC. ISBN-10: 0874743885, ISBN-13: 978-0874743883
Fox, J. (1980). American Anthropologist, 82(3), new series, 606-608. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/677469
Franzwa, Gregory M.; 1967 The Story of Old St. Genevieve: An Account of an Old French Town in Upper Louisiana; Its People and Their Homes. Patrice Press, St. Louis, Missouri. ASIN: B001OJF1W8
Frederick, Jack, and Anna Gritts Kilpatrick, eds., trans. The Shadow of Sequoyah: Social Documents of the Cherokees, 1862-1964. Norman: U of Oklahoma P, 1965. ASIN: B000I6ZSGW
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French, L. & Manzanárez, M.; (2004): NAFTA & Neocolonialism: Comparative Criminal, Human, & Social Justice; UPA; ISBN-10: 0761828893, ISBN-13: 978-0761828891
Frey, D. (1953). Regional Aspects of the Late-Glacial and Post-Glacial Pollen Succession of Southeastern North Carolina. Ecological Monographs, 23(3), 289-313. doi:10.2307/1943595
Fritz, G.J. Multiple pathways to farming in precontact eastern North America. J World Prehist 4, 387–435 (1990) doi:10.1007/BF00974813
ABSTRACT
Hunter-gatherers in eastern North America utilized gourds at least 7000 years ago, operating at the early end of a sequence that ended with maize-based agriculture across most of the area. Various subregions differed from each other in timing and degree of participation in premaize crop production. A Midwestern record of native seed plant domestication preceding the adoption of maize is documented, and the significance of this phenomenon is now recognized. Recent archaeobotanical information highlights the amount of geographic variability, limiting the utility of earlier broad-scale interpretations. This paper includes a comparison of sequences in selected subregions: the Midwest/Midsouth, the Southeast, the Lower Mississippi Valley, the Trans-Mississippi South, and the Northeast.
Fuller, Richard S., and Stowe, Noel R. 1982 A Proposed Typology for Late Shell Tempered Ceramics in the Mobile Bay/Mobile Tensaw Delta Region. In Scarry, J. (1985). Archaeology in Southwestern Alabama: A Collection of Papers. Cailup Curren, editor. Alabama-Tombigbee Regional Commission, Camden, Alabama, 1982. American Antiquity, 50(1), 199-200. doi:10.2307/280655
Furcron, A. S., and Kitti Teague 1943; Mica-bearing pegmatites of Georgia. Georgia Geological Survey Bulletin 48. 352 https://epd.georgia.gov/outreach/publications/georgia-geologic-survey-bulletins
G
Gabriel, Ralph Henry. Elias Boudinot, Cherokee and His America. Norman: U of Oklahoma P, 1941. ISBN-10: 0806147989, ISBN-13: 978-0806147987
Galloway, P. (editor) 2005. The Hernando De Soto Expedition: History, Historiography, And “Discovery” in the Southeast. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln. ISBN-10: 0803221576, ISBN-13: 978-0803221574 Google Scholar
Galloway, P. 1994. Confederacy as a Solution to Chiefdom Dissolution: Historical Evidence in the Choctaw Case. In The Forgotten Centuries: Indians and Europeans in the American South, 1521–1704, edited by C. Hudson and C.C. Tesser, pp. 393–420. University of Georgia Press, Athens ISBN-10: 0820316547, ISBN-13: 978-0820316543
Galloway, P. 1995. Choctaw Genesis, 1500–1700. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln https://www.nebraskapress.unl.edu/nebraska/9780803270701/
SYNOPSIS
Today the Choctaws are remembered as one of the Five Civilized Tribes, removed to Oklahoma in the early nineteenth century; a large band remains in Mississippi, quietly and effectively refusing to be assimilated. The Choctaws are a Muskogean people, in historical times residing in southern Mississippi and Alabama; they were agriculturalists as well as hunters, and a force to be reckoned with in the eighteenth century. Patricia Galloway, armed with evidence from a variety of disciplines, counters the commonly held belief that these same people had long exercised power in the region. She argues that the turmoil set in motion by European exploration led to realignments and regroupings, and ultimately to the formation of a powerful new Indian nation. Through a close examination of the physical evidence and historical sources, the author provides an ethnohistorical account of the proto-Choctaw and Choctaw peoples from the eve of contact with Euro-Americans through the following two centuries. Starting with the basic archaeological evidence and the written records of early Spanish and English visitors, Galloway traces the likely origin of the Choctaw people, their movements and interactions with other native groups in the South, and Choctaw response to these contacts. She thereby creates the first careful and complete history of the tribe in the early modern period. This rich and detailed work will not only provides much new information on the Choctaws but illuminates the entire field of colonial-era southeastern history and will provide a model for ethnographic studies.
Gardner, W. M., and W. P. Barse 1980; Results of archeological testing of seventeen sites in the Richard Russell Reservoir region, South Carolina Georgia. Draft report submitted to Interagency Archeological Services-Atlanta.
Gardner, William M. 1980 Progress Report, Island Testing Program and Site Testing Program for Period May 1-July 31, Richard B. Russell Multiple Resource Area, Savannah River, Georgia and South Carolina. Draft report submitted to Division of Archeological Services-Atlanta.
Gardner, William M. and Lauralee Rappleye 1980 Archeological reconnaissance of selected portions of the Savannah River floodplains, Richard B. Russell Reservoir, Georgia and South Carolina. Draft report submitted to Division of Archeological Services.
Garrison, T. (1947). The Native American Influence in Folk Songs of North Arkansas. The Arkansas Historical Quarterly, 6(2), 165-179. doi:10.2307/40018645
Garrison, T. A.; (2002): The Legal Ideology of Removal: The Southern Judiciary and the Sovereignty of Native American Nations; University of Georgia Press; ISBN-10: 0820322121, ISBN-13: 978-0820322124
Garrow, P. H., Blanton, D. B., Bryne, S. C., and Reed, M. B. 1987 Cultural Resource Investigations of Proposed East Tennessee-Ballground Pipeline Corridor. Garrow and Associates. Submitted to Atlanta GasLight. Copies available from Garrow and Associates, Atlanta. https://core.tdar.org/document/160293/cultural-resource-survey-of-proposed-east-tennessee-ballground-pipeline-and-addendum
Garrow, Patrick H. 1975; Chert resources in Georgia: archeological and geological perspectives. University of Georgia Laboratory of Archaeology Series, Report 21. Goad, S, I. https://archaeology.uga.edu/archlab/lab-series/21
Gasco, Janine 1993 Socioeconomic Change within Native Society in Colonial Sononusco, New Spain. In Ethnohistory and Archaeology: Approaches to Post-Contact Change in the Americas, J. Daniel Rogers and Samuel Wilson, editors, pp. 163–180. Plenum Press, New York. CrossRef Google Scholar
ABSTRACT
The contact experience between Native Americans and Europeans varied significantly from place to place depending upon a number of factors, including the size of the native population, the level of indigenous sociopolitical organization, and the specific objectives and policies of the colonial power. Although recent research has increased our understanding of the relative importance of these factors for many regions, it is still difficult to identify broad patterns of similarity and variability because we do not yet have a clear picture of the full range of diversity that characterized European-Indian interactions.
Gathercole, Peter, and David Lowenthal (Editors); 1990 The Politics of the Past. Unwin Hyman, London. https://www.abebooks.com/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=22234815263&searchurl=an%3Dgathercole%2Bp%26sortby%3D17%26tn%3Dpolitics%2Bpast&cm_sp=snippet-_-srp1-_-title1
SYNOPSIS
'History is written by the winners' is the received wisdom. This book explains why historical interpretation has to incorporate perspectives from those other than 'winners', and demonstrates archaeology's crucial role in this wide-ranging approach. The book draws more on Africa, Afro-America, Australasia and Oceania than on Europe, the source of the traditionally dominant perspective in archaeology. The four organizing themes of The Politics of the Past are the forms and consequences of the Eurocentric heritage, the conflicting perspectives of rulers and ruled, the significance of administrative and institutional rivalries, and the cleavages that divide professional from popular views of archaeology.
Archaeologists, anthropologists, historians and other scholars will find The Politics of the Past illuminating and provocative. It will enrich historical and archaeological inquiry and interpretation, and ramify their relevance for public policy.
Gearing, F. (1958). The Structural Poses of 18th Century Cherokee Villages. American Anthropologist, 60(6), new series, 1148-1157. Retrieved January 15, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/665382
Gendered Contexts of Mississippian Leadership in Southern Appalachia. (2006); In Leadership and Polity in Mississippian Society, pp. 264-285, edited by Paul Welch and Brian Butler, Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale. ISBN-10: 0881040908, ISBN-13: 978-0881040906
George A. Broadwell, "The Muskogean Connection of the Guale and Yamasee," International Journal of American Linguistics 57, no. 2 (Apr., 1991): 267-270. https://doi.org/10.1086/ijal.57.2.3519769
Gibbon, G. (1972). Cultural dynamics and the development of the Oneota life-way in Wisconsin. American Antiquity 37: 166–185. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/278204 Google Scholar
ABSTRACT
An evolutionary and ecological approach is used in an attempt to define the causes and motivations involved in the process of Oneota development in Wisconsin. A primary thesis of this paper is that the Oneota life-way emerged from a Woodland base modified in the direction of the Mississippian pattern. The rapid appearance of a qualitatively distinctive pattern of socio-political organization, the multi-band or "tribal," is thought to be responsible in part for the difficulty in tracing this development. It is suggested that this level of integration became firmly established as the dominant socio-political structure throughout the northeastern United States by A.D. 1100-1200. Early Oneota settlements (A.D. 900-1300) are then contrasted to late Oneota settlements (A.D. 1300-1600) in Wisconsin and a difference in cultural ecological adaptation is suggested. Examples of organizational change in other cultures are briefly illustrated to suggest that the pattern of development may be at least in part recurrent.
Gibson, Charles 1966 Spain in America. Harper and Row, New York. https://www.worldcat.org/title/spain-in-america/oclc/418189
Gilbert, William. H., Jr.; 1943 The Eastern Cherokee. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 133, pp. 160-413. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. https://ia800200.us.archive.org/16/items/easterncherokees00gilb/easterncherokees00gilb.pdf
Glassie, Henry. Folk Housing in Middle Virginia. Knoxville, TN: The University of Tennessee Press, 1975. ISBN-10: 0870492683 ISBN-13: 978-0870492686
Gleeson, Paul, (Editor); 1970 Archaeological Investigations in the Tellico Reservoir: Interim Report 1969. University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, Report of Investigations, Number 8, Knoxville, Tennessee. ASIN: B009MBEI1K
Goad, S. I. 1984 Chert Utilization in Georgia. In Prehistoric Chert Exploitation: Studies from the Midcontinent, edited by Butler, B. M. and May, E.E. pp. 71–85. Occasional Paper No. 2. Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale. ISBN-10: 0881040088, ISBN-13: 978-0881040081
Godden, Geoffrey A. 1965 An Illustrated Encyclopedia of British Pottery and Porcelain. Bonanza Books, New York, New York. ISBN-10: 0517088800, ISBN-13: 978-0517088807
Goldberg, M. A. (1975). On the Inefficiency of Being Efficient. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 7(8), 921–939. https://doi.org/10.1068/a070921
Good, Mary Elizabeth 1972; Guebert Site: An 18th Century Historic Kaskaskia Indian Village in Randolph County, Illinois. Central States Archaeological Society, Memoir Number 2. ASIN: B0006C6X5I http://csasi.org/journal_sales_specials.htm
Goodman, C. G. (1984). Copper Artifacts in Late Eastern Woodlands Prehistory, Center for American Archaeology Press, Evanston, Ill. ASIN: B011SK7I4Q
Goodpasture, A. (1918). INDIAN WARS AND WARRIORS OF THE OLD SOUTHWEST, 1730-1807. Tennessee Historical Magazine, 4(1), 3-49. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/42637386
Goodpasture, A. (1918). INDIAN WARS AND WARRIORS OF THE OLD SOUTHWEST, 1730-1807. Tennessee Historical Magazine, 4(1), 3-49. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/42637386
Goodpasture, A. (1918). PORTRAIT OF JUDGE FRIEND. Tennessee Historical Magazine, 4(3), 155-156. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/42637400
Goodpasture, A. (1925). WILLIAMS' REPRINT OF TIMBERLAKE'S MEMOIRS. Tennessee Historical Magazine, 9(2), 131-136. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/42637529
Goodyear, Albert C., John H. House and Neal W. Ackerly 1979; Laurens-Anderson: an archeological study of the interriverine piedmont. Anthropological Studies Institute of Archeology and Anthropology, University of South Carolina. Golly, Frank B. 1966 South Carolina Mammals. South Carolina. Charleston Museum, Charleston https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=archanth_anthro_studies
Gordon S. Wood, The Radicalism of the American Revolution (New York: Vintage, 1991), pp. 95, 261. ISBN-10: 9780679736882, ISBN-13: 978-0679736882 Google Scholar
Goslin, R. M. (1957). Food of the Adena People. In Webb, W. S., and Baby, R. S. (eds.), The Adena People No. 2, Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, pp. 41–46. ASIN: B000NPPG7O
Greber, N. (1979). A comparative study of site morphology and burial patterns at Edwin Harness mound and Seip mounds 1 and 2. In Brose, D. S., and Greber, N. (eds.), Hopewell Archaeology: The Chillicothe Conference, Kent State University Press, Kent, Ohio, pp. 27–38. ISBN-10: 0873382366, ISBN-13: 978-0873382366
ABSTRACT
Greber conducted salvage excavations at Edwin Harness (Liberty) Mound and the preliminary results are presented here. 'The present paper is mainly concerned with identifying similarities in site morphology and burial patterns that may indicate possible similarities in social structures between the peoples associated with the Seip Mounds and the Edwin Harness Mound.' (page 27-28). Five tripartite earthworks of the central Scioto-Paint Creek Valley were compared. She compares the tripartite mound structure as a symbol of the tripartite social structure
Green, T., and Munson, C. (1978). Mississippian settlement patterns in southwestern Indiana. In Smith, B. D. (ed.), Mississippian Settlement Patterns, Academic Press, New York, pp. 293–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-650640-2.50016-4 Google Scholar
PUBLISHER SUMMARY
This chapter discusses the Mississippian settlement patterns in southwestern Indiana. Willey's Viru Valley study and Winters' Wabash Valley study have demonstrated the value of settlement pattern data for facilitating inferences about the character of prehistoric society and culture that are not readily observable in archaeological record. Archaeological research spanning 80 years can be brought together to describe the areal settlement patterns of two Mississippian phases in the Ohio River Valley of southwestern Indiana and the adjacent portions of Kentucky: the Angel phase and the Caborn–Welborn phase. Special problems that are discussed in the chapter include (1) the question of the ethnicity of the late prehistoric–protohistoric Caborn–Welborn phase; (2) the strength and nature of the relationship that existed among the five large village sites of the Caborn–Welborn phase; (3) the continuity or discontinuity that existed between the Caborn–Welborn and Angel phase occupations; and (5) the relationship of the Angel phase to the Yankeetown phase and the nature of the initial Mississippian emergence in the study area.
Greene, Jack P.; (1965): The Diary of Colonel Landon Carter of Sabine Hall, 1752-1778; Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia ISBN-10: 0945015100, ISBN-13: 978-0945015109
Gregory Evans Dowd, Indigenous Peoples without the Republic, Journal of American History, Volume 104, Issue 1, June 2017, Pages 19–41, https://doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jax003
Gresham, T. H. 1987 Cultural Resources Survey of the Proposed Lake Sidney lanier Reregulation Dam and Lake Area, Forsythe and Gwinnett Counties, Georgia. Southeastern Archaeological Services, Athens, Georgia. https://archaeology.uga.edu/gasf/authors/tgresham?page=2
ABSTRACT
In July and August 1986, Southeastern Archeological Services, Inc., conducted an intensive survey of 323 ha of heavily vegetated floodplain on both sides of the Chattahoochee River in Forsyth and Gwinnett Counties, Georgia. The purpose of this survey was to locate and evaluate the significance of, and determine the effects on all cultural resources in the proposed project area. This project area consists of a dam site and lake basin. This report describes the project setting, concentrating of the alluvial geomorphology of the basin; provides a review of the fairly extensive previous work in the area; outlines the culture history of the area, concentrating on the material culture of the prehistoric period and transportation systems during the historic period; presents a research design; describes field and analytic methods with an emphasis on subsurface testing methods; presents individual site descriptions; and, finally, provides assessments of eligibility, project impacts and further work. The 78 sites (73 prehistoric) recorded represent an unusually high density (24 per km2). The most common recognized component was Early Mississippian Woodstock. Two Woodstock sites with dense material and organic remains are considered eligible to the National Register of Historic Places, 52 of the sites are potentially eligible and 24 are considered not eligible. All sites will be impacted by inundation, shoreline erosion, dam construction or increased visibility to vandals. If the project is implemented, we recommend additional post hole digger testing and test pit excavations, or additional documentation (for historic sites) for the potentially eligible sites, and mitigation by shovel testing, test pits and block excavation for the eligible sites.
Griffin, J. B. (1943). The Fort Ancient Aspect, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor. https://www.worldcat.org/title/fort-ancient-aspect-its-cultural-and-chronological-position-in-mississippi-valley-archaeology/oclc/3421861
Griffin, J. B. (1946). Cultural chronology and continuity in Eastern United States archaeology. In Johnson, F. (ed.), Man in Northeastern North America. Papers of the Robert S. Peabody Foundation for Archaeology 3: 37–95. https://www.tribalartbooks.com/pages/books/11120/f-johnson/man-in-northeastern-north-america
Griffin, J. B. (1960b). A hypothesis for the prehistory of the Winnebago. In Diamond, S. (ed.),Culture in History: Essays in Honor of Paul Radin, Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 809–865 https://www.worldcat.org/title/culture-in-history-essays-in-honor-of-paul-radin/oclc/1451823
Griffin, J. B. (1963); A Radiocarbon Date on Prehistoric Beans from Williams Island, Hamilton County, Tennessee. Tennessee Archaeologist 19(2):43-46. https://capone.mtsu.edu/kesmith/TNARCH/Publications/TASContents.html
Griffin, J. B. (1967). Eastern North American archaeology: A summary. Science 156: 175–191. DOI: 10.1126/science.156.3772.175 Google Scholar
ABSTRACT
The initial occupation of Eastern North America was by small bands of people who gained their livelihood by hunting and gathering. As time passed, the occupants of different regions became increasingly familiar with the available natural resources. The development or introduction of new tools and devices enabled the people to exploit their environments more effective ly, until, by Late Archaic times, population size had increased, in terms both of density within a given area and number of people in individual social units.
The initial agricultural productivity aided the culmination of the long cultural traditions in the remarkable pro ductions and practices of the Hopewellian complexes of Middle Woodland times. The major Hopewellian centers reflect the marked change in societal organization and patterns. The costumes of the dead and the manner of their burial clearly reflect individual status differentiations, while artistic creativity is probably to be equated with incipient specialization of labor. Many of the Mississippian societies reached an even more advanced plateau of cultural development, with fortified towns, an organized priesthood, dominant hereditary chiefs, political and military alliances, and a well-developed class system.
The details of the cultural development in Eastern North America are unique, but the general trend may be regarded as a common one in human society, and the patterns of behavior, as analogous to those developed by other peoples in other areas of the Old World and the New.
Griffin, James B. 1985 Changing Concepts of the Prehistoric Mississippian Cultures of the Eastern United States. In Alabama and the Borderlands: From Prehistory to Statehood, edited by Badger, R. Reid and Clayton, Lawrence A., pp. 40–63. University of Alabama Press, University. ISBN-10: 0817302085, ISBN-13: 978-0817302085 Google Scholar
Guenter Lewy (2007) Can there be genocide without the intent to commit genocide?, Journal of Genocide Research, 9:4, 661-674, DOI: 10.1080/14623520701644457
Guthe, Alfred K. 1977 The Eighteenth-Century Overhill Cherokee. In for the Director: Research Essays in Honor of James B. Griffin, edited by Charles Cleland, pp.212-229. Anthropological Papers of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Volume 61. Ann Arbor, Michigan. ASIN: B00162TYXA
Gutiérrez, Ramón A. 1991 When Jesus Came, the Corn Mothers Went Away: Marriage, Sexuality, and Power in New Mexico, 1500–1846. Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, CA. http://mark.levengood.people.cpcc.edu/HIS131/Docs/GutierrezCornMothersExcerpt.pdf
Guy, Joe 2001 Indian Summer: The Siege and Fall of Fort Loudoun. Overmountain Press, Johnson City, Tennessee. ISBN-10: 157072203X, ISBN-13: 978-1570722035
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Haag, William G. 1942; Pickwick pottery in an archaeological survey of Pickwick Basin in the adjacent portions of the states of Alabama, Mississippi and Tennessee by William S. Webb and David L. DeJarnette, Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institute, Bulletin 129 Washington.
Haag, William G., and Webb, Clarence H. 1953 Microblades at Poverty Point Sites. American Antiquity 18:245–248. CrossRef | Google Scholar
EXTRACT
Until the past few years the Poverty Point horizon was known solely through its manifestation at the type site, Poverty Point Plantation, on Bayou Macon, West Carroll Parish, Louisiana. Webb (1944), in connection with the description of a cache of stone vessel fragments found near the large Poverty Point mound, pointed out the apparent cultural content of the site, which had previously been mentioned in archaeological literature by Moore (1913), Fowke (1928) and Ford (1936). In 1948, in a description of nonpottery cultures in the state, a further attempt was made (Webb, 1948) to clarify the Poverty Point cultural period as expressed at this site.
Haas, M. (1946). A Proto-Muskogean Paradigm. Language, 22(4), 326-332. doi:10.2307/409922
Haas, M. (1956). Natchez and the Muskogean Languages. Language, 32(1), 61-72. doi:10.2307/410653
Hall, J. M. Jr.; (2012): Zamumo's Gifts: Indian-European Exchange in the Colonial Southeast (Early American Studies); University of Pennsylvania Press; ISBN-10: 0812222237, ISBN-13: 978-0812222234
Hall, Robert L. 1967 The Mississippian Heartland and its Plains Relationship. Plains Anthropologist 12(36):175–183. Google Scholar
ABSTRACT
The Cahokia site near East St. Louis, Illinois, was a gateway on the northwestern frontier of the Mississippian heartland. Its exact relationship to other Middle Mississippi cultures and to cultures of the Plains and Upper Great Lakes ar ea is still not fully under stood. It is clear, nonetheless, that these relationships, when more completely known, will prove to be much more complicated than any suggested in current literature.
Halley, David J. 1925 Anglo-French Rivalry in the Cherokee Country, 1754-1757. North Carolina Historical Review (July), Volume 2, pp. 303-322. https://archive.org/details/northcarolinahis1925nort
Halley, David J. 1925b Fort Loudoun in the Cherokee War - 1758-1761. North Carolina Historical Review (October), Vol. 2, pp. 442-558. https://archive.org/details/northcarolinahis1925nort
Halley, David J. 1931 The Wataugans and the Cherokee Indians in 1776. East Tennessee Historical Society Publication, No.3, pp. 108-126. http://teachtnhistory.org/file/The%20Wataugans%20and%20the%20Cherokee%20Indians%20in%201776%20(Hamer).pdf
Halley, David J. 1933 Tennessee A History 1673-1932, Volume 1. American Historical Society, Inc., New York, New York. https://www.abebooks.com/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=20436115713&searchurl=an%3Dhamer%2Bphilip%2Bm%26sortby%3D17%26tn%3Dtennessee%2Ba%2Bhistory%2B1673%2B1932&cm_sp=snippet-_-srp1-_-title3
Hally, D. J. 1986 The Identification of Vessel Function: A Case Study from Northwest Georgia. American Antiquity 51: 267–295. https://doi.org/10.2307/279940 CrossRef | Google Scholar
ABSTRACT
Archaeologists now possess the knowledge and techniques necessary to identify pottery-vessel function with a reasonable degree of specificity. This article is intended to demonstrate that capability. The pottery vessel assemblage characteristic of the sixteenth-century Barnett phase in northwest Georgia consists of 13 physically and morphologically distinct vessel types. The mechanical performance characteristics of these vessel types are identified and employed in formulating hypotheses concerning the way vessel types were used. Historic Southeastern Indian food habits are reconstructed from ethnohistorical and ethnographic evidence and employed to refine the vessel-use hypotheses.
Hally, D. J., and Rudolph, J. L. 1992 A Functional Perspective on the Petitt Site Ceramic Assemblage. In The Petitt Site (ll-Ax-253), Alexander County, Illinois, edited by Webb, P. A., pp. 183–230. Research Paper No. 58. Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/282498 Google Scholar
Hally, D. J.; Smith, M. J.; Langford, J. B.; (1990); The Archaeological Reality of DeSoto’s Coosa. In Columbian Consequences, vol. 2: Archaeological and Historical Perspectives on the Spanish Boaderlands East, edited by David H. Thomas pp. 121-138. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. ISBN-10: 0874743907, ISBN-13: 978-0874743906
Hally, David J. 1975 Complicated stamped pottery and platform origins on South Appalachian Mississippian. Archaeological Conference Bulletin 18:43-47. https://www.southeasternarchaeology.org/wp-content/uploads/bulletins/SEAC%20Bulletin%2018.pdf
Hamer, P.M. "Fort Loudon in the Cherokee War, 1758-1761." North Carolina Historical Review 2 (1925): 442-458. http://digital.ncdcr.gov/cdm/ref/collection/p16062coll9/id/4200
ABSTRACT
At the outbreak of the French and Indian War in 1754, both the English and French sought the friendship and aid of the Cherokee Indians. To prevent the Cherokee from aiding the French and in response to the Indians' request that a fort be built for protection, the South Carolinians began construction of Fort Loudoun on the Little Tennessee River in 1756 and completed the project in 1757. While the fort was an initial success at peacekeeping, by 1758 conflict sprung up between the Cherokee and the English that would continue until 1761 when the fort fell and the Cherokee were defeated.
Hamer, P. (1930). Correspondence of Henry Stuart and Alexander Cameron with the Wataugans. The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 17(3), 451-459. Retrieved January 16, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/1893080
Hamer, P. (1930). John Stuart's Indian Policy During the Early Months of the American Revolution. The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 17(3), 351-366. Retrieved January 16, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/1893075
Hamer, Philip M., ed. A Guide to the Archives and manuscripts in the United States. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1961. ASIN: B002JHK8I6
Hamilton, Edward P. The French and Indian Wars: The Story of Battles and Forts in the Wilderness. New York: Doubleday and Company, 1962. ISBN-10: 0385003420, ISBN-13: 978-0385003421
Hamilton, T. M. 1968 Early Indian Trade Guns: 1625-1775. Contribution of the Museum of the Great Plains, No.3. Lawton, Oklahoma. ISBN-10: 0685913600, ISBN-13: 978-0685913604
Hamilton, T. M. 1976; Firearms on the Frontier: Guns at Fort Michilimackinac 1715-1781. Reports in Mackinac History and Archaeology, No.5. Mackinac Island State Park Commission, Mackinaw, Michigan. ASIN: B0027MU5HM
Hamilton, T. M. 1980; Colonial Frontier Guns. The Fur Press. Chadron, Nebraska. ISBN-10: 0913150614, ISBN-13: 978-0913150610
Hanke, Lewis 1949 The Spanish Struggle for Justice in the Conquest of America. Little, Brown and Co., Boston, MA. https://archive.org/details/spanishstrugglef006537mbp/page/n8
Hanson, L. (1970). Gunflints from the Macon Plateau. Historical Archaeology, 4, 51-58. Retrieved January 16, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/25615136
Hargarett, Lester; A Bibliography of the Constitutions and Laws of the American Indians. With an introduction by John R. Swanton. New York: Kraus, 1917. ISBN-10: 1584772603, ISBN-13: 978-1584772606
Hargrett, Lester. Oklahoma Imprints 1835-1890. The Bibliographical Society of America. New York: R.R. Bowker Company, 1951. ASIN: B0006ASMJ0
Haring, Clarence H. 1947 The Spanish Empire in America. Harcourt, Brace and Jovanovitch, New York. https://www.worldcat.org/title/spanish-empire-in-america/oclc/13057718
Harle, M. S.; (2010); Biological Affinities and the Construction of Cultural Identity for the Proposed Coosa Chiefdom. PhD. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville. https://www.academia.edu/341360/Biological_Affinities_and_the_Construction_of_Cultural_Identity_for_the_Proposed_Coosa_Chiefdom
Harmon, George Dewey; Sixty Years of Indian Affairs: Political. Economic and Diplomatic. 1789-1850. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1941 ASIN: B0006AP89W
Harn, A. D. (1978). Mississippian settlement patterns in the central Illinois River Valley. In Smith, B. D. (ed.), Mississippian Settlement Patterns, Academic Press, New York, pp. 233–268. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780126506402500140 Google Scholar
PUBLISHER SUMMARY
This chapter discusses the Mississippian settlement patterns in the Central Illinois River Valley. The Central Illinois River Valley has a long and varied history of archaeological research. Few areas in North America have received such long-term and often concentrated archaeological attention. Early county histories throughout the region are rife with glowing, although often accurately detailed, accounts of archaeological sites. Many factors influenced the settlement pattern evidenced within the Larson community. The reasons for the abandonment of hamlets were probably varied but may have centered on both the depletion of natural food resources and on soil fatigue by unrestricted crop-growing. In general, it is viewed that the mundane lifeways of the Spoon River variant as closely paralleling lifeways of contemporaneous cultures of the western Prairie and eastern Plains regions. This is not viewed as a political confederation of cultures so much as it is seen as a generalized adaptation to a similar environment. The chapter also discusses that while it is probable that political organization played some part in the local settlement system and those surpluses of natural products and commodities manufactured from natural products may have been regularly transported out of the Central Illinois Valley.
Harrington, Mark R. 1922; Cherokee and Earlier Remains on the Upper Tennessee River. Indian Notes and Monographs, Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, New York, pp. 272-293. https://archive.org/details/cherokeeandearli00harriala/page/n4
Hatch, J. W.; (1974); Social Dimensions of Dallas Mortuary Patterns. M.A. thesis, Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, State College.
Hatch, James W. 1976 Status in Death: Principles of Ranking in Dallas Culture Mortuary Remains. Ph. D. dissertation, Pennsylvania State University. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.
Hatley, Tom. The Dividing Paths: Cherokees and South Carolinians Through the Era of Revolution. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993. ISBN-10: 019509638X, ISBN-13: 978-0195096385
Haywood, John 1973; The Natural and Aboriginal History of Tennessee. F. M. Hill Books, Kingsport, Tennessee. Reprint of The Natural and Aboriginal History of Tennessee: Up to the First Settlements therein by the White People in the Year 1768. Originally published 1923. ASIN: B00M8SJ1MA
Haywood, John; The Civil and Political History of the State of Tennessee: From its Earliest Settlement Up to the Year 1796, Including the Boundaries of the State. Nashville, Tenn.: Publishing House of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, 1891. https://ia802706.us.archive.org/9/items/civilpoliticalhi00hayw/civilpoliticalhi00hayw.pdf
Henderson, A. (1931). THE TREATY OF LONG ISLAND OF HOLSTON, JULY, 1777. The North Carolina Historical Review, 8(1), 55-116. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/23516001
Henderson, A.; (1917); The Battle of Point Pleasant Its Relation to the American Revolution and to Tennessee; Tennessee Historical Magazine; Nashville Vol. 3, Iss. 4, (Dec 1, 1917): 229. https://www.jstor.org/stable/i40098343
Henderson, J. (1977). Unraveling the Riddle of Aboriginal Title. American Indian Law Review, 5(1), 75-137. doi:10.2307/20068013
Hening, W. W., ed. The Statutes at Large; Being a Collection of all the Laws of Virginia, From the First Session of the Legislature, in the Year 1619, 18 volumes. https://ia600509.us.archive.org/26/items/statutesatlargeb02virg/statutesatlargeb02virg.pdf
Herbert, J. (2018). "To Treat with All Nations": Invoking Authority in the Chickasaw Nation, 1783–1795. Ohio Valley History 18(1), 27-44. https://www.muse.jhu.edu/article/689417.
Hernández Tápia, Concepción 1970 Despoblaciones de la isla de Santo Domingo en el siglo XVII. Anuário de Estudios Americanos, 27:281–320. Madrid, Spain. https://search.proquest.com/openview/ee380193e04cce685b871a0482ffeac1/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1818454 Google Scholar
Hewatt, R. A.; 1779; An Historical Account of the Rise and Progress of the Colonies of South Carolina and Georgia. ISBN-10: 1274639344, ISBN-13: 978-1274639349
Heye, George G., F. W. Hodge, and G. H. Pepper 1918 The Nacoochee Mound in Georgia. Contributions from the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, Volume 2, Number 1, New York, New York. https://ia800700.us.archive.org/26/items/nacoocheemoundin00heye/nacoocheemoundin00heye.pdf
Hilary N. Weaver, Indigenous People in a Multicultural Society: Unique Issues for Human Services, Social Work, Volume 43, Issue 3, May 1998, Pages 203–211, https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/43.3.203
Hinton, A. L. & Woolford, A. & Benvenuto, J.; Colonial Genocide in Indigenous North America; Duke University Press Books; ISBN-10: 0822357798, ISBN-13: 978-0822357797
Historical News and Notices. (1958). Tennessee Historical Quarterly, 17(3), 285-287. Retrieved from www.jstor.org/stable/42621391
Hobson, G. (1990). The Literature of Indian Oklahoma: A Brief History. World Literature Today, 64(3), 426-430. doi:10.2307/40146636
Hodder, I. 1991. Interpretive Archaeology and its Role. American Antiquity 56:7–18 CrossRef Google Scholar
ABSTRACT
This paper seeks further to define the processes of the interpretation of meaning in archaeology and to explore the public role such interpretation might play. In contrast to postmodern and poststructuralist perspectives, a hermeneutic debate is described that takes account of a critical perspective. An interpretive postprocessual archaeology needs to incorporate three components: a guarded objectivity of the data, hermeneutic procedures for inferring internal meanings, and reflexivity. The call for an interpretive position is related closely to new, more active roles that the archaeological past is filling in a multicultural world.
Hodge, C.J. Faith and Practice at an Early-Eighteenth-Century Wampanoag Burial Ground: The Waldo Farm Site in Dartmouth, Massachusetts. Hist Arch 39, 73–94 (2005) doi:10.1007/BF03376705
ABSTRACT
Recent archaeological interpretations of colonial Native American cemeteries in southeastern New England typically focus on the interplay of resistance and accommodation and creative reimagining of Native practices in the face of Anglo-American oppression. Resistance is tracked primarily via “traditional” mortuary ceremonialism. The Waldo Farm cemetery in Dartmouth, Massachusetts, is unlike any other archaeologically known colonial Native burial ground in the region. Native burial practices there seem indistinguishable from local Anglo-American practices. How may one approach the interpretation of such a site? Postcolonial concepts such as hybridization, mimicry, and appropriation, which emphasize the interdependence of domination and resistance, are used. The local cultural context, especially the religious context, of the Waldo site may explain mortuary choices there.
Hodge, Frederick W. Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico. 2 vols. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, 1907-10, Bulletin 30. Reprint, New York: Pageant Books, 1960. Volume 2 contains an extensive bibliography for the two volumes. Similar handbooks arc available for the Indians of Central America and South America. https://library.si.edu/digital-library/book/bulletin3011907smit
Hodge, Frederick Webb, ed. Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico. 2 vols. New York: Pageant Books, Inc., 1959. https://ia802608.us.archive.org/13/items/handbookamindians01hodgrich/handbookamindians01hodgrich.pdf
Hodge, J. (1989). Wicazo Sa Review, 5(2), 49-51. doi:10.2307/1409408
Hodges, T. (1948). Jean Lafitte and Major L. Latour in Arkansas Territory. The Arkansas Historical Quarterly, 7(4), 237-256. doi:10.2307/40022665
Hoffman, K. (1997). Cultural Development in La Florida. Historical Archaeology, 31(1), 24-35. Retrieved January 16, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/25616514
Hofman, J. L. (1979). Twenhafel, a prehistoric community on the Mississippi: 500 B.C.-A.D. 1500. The Living Museum 41(3): 34–38. http://www.idaillinois.org/cdm/ref/collection/ism/id/2058
Hofman, J. L. (1987). Hopewell blades from Twenhafel: Distinguishing local and foreign core technology. In Johnson, J. K., and Morrow, C. A. (eds.),The Organization of Core Technology, Westview Press, Boulder, Colo., pp. 87–118. https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/34726961/Koldehoff_1987_Core_Tech_Chp.pdf?response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DCahokia_Flake-Tool_Industry.pdf&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A%2F20200116%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20200116T120654Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Signature=737fd45b16b880974d4b5132732d06a13eee748670d4920395673a63af110f67 Google Scholar
Hofman, J. L., and Morrow, C. A. (1985). Chipped stone technologies at Twenhafel: A multicomponent site in southern Illinois. In Vehik, S. C. (ed.), Lithic Resource Procurement: Proceedings from the Second Conference on Prehistoric Chert Exploitation. Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, Occasional Paper 4: 165–182. https://cai.siu.edu/publications/occasional-papers.php
Hoig, S.; (2005); Jesse Chisholm: Ambassador of the Plains; University of Oklahoma Press; ISBN-10: 080613688X ISBN-13: 978-0806136882
Holland, Cullen Joe. Cherokee Indian Newspapers, 1828-1906: The Tribal Voice of a People in Transition. U of Minnesota, PhD. Diss. 1956.
Holmes, J. (1969). Spanish Treaties with West Florida Indians, 1784-1802. The Florida Historical Quarterly, 48(2), 140-154. Retrieved January 7, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/30140269
Holmes, W. H. (1903). Aboriginal pottery of the Eastern United States.20th Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, pp. 1–201.
Holmes, William H. 1883 Art in Shell of the Ancient Americans. In Second Annual fleport of the Bureau of Ethnology, 1880-1881, pp. 185–267. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. https://ia800206.us.archive.org/27/items/annualreportofbu218801882smit/annualreportofbu218801882smit.pdf
Honerkamp, N.; Fowler, B.; Little, T.; and Mantooth, R.; (1989) An Archaeological Survey of the Citico Site (40HA65), Chattanooga, Tennessee. Research Contribution No. 2, Jeffrey L. Brown Institute of Archaeology, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga. https://scholar.utc.edu/archaeology-reports/47/
ABSTRACT
During May of 1989 Dr. Nicholas Honerkamp of the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga (UTC) led a team of students enrolled in the ANTH 335 Archaeological Field School course in a survey of the Citico Site (40HA65). This well-known mound site is located adjacent to Amnicola Highway in Chattanooga, Tennessee. The area covered during the study consisted of an approximately 450 x 50 m strip of property situated between the Sandbar Restaurant and Citico Creek (Figure 1); the University of Tennessee is the current landowner. The purpose of the survey was to locate and identify any significant prehistoric or historic sites in the project area prior to its development. Current plans call for the construction of a boat house, road, and a parking facility within the parcel. The Citico mound and village complex are known to have existed in the area just east of Citico Creek prior to their destruction in the 20th century. Hence, a survey of the boat house parcel was desirable in order to determine if any remnants of the site might still be present and subject to disturbance or destruction by planned construction activities.
Honerkamp, Nicholas 1980 Frontier Process in Eighteenth Century Colonial Georgia: An Archaeological Approach. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville. https://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/AA/00/02/57/39/00001/AA00025739_00001.pdf
Honerkamp, Nicholas, "Archaeological testing of the Cedine Mound, Rhea County, Tennessee" (1990). Jeffrey L. Brown Institute of Archaeology Reports. 36. https://scholar.utc.edu/archaeology-reports/36
ABSTRACT
A small prehistoric mound located in Rhea County, Tennessee, was tested prior to its removal due to construction of a dining facility at the Cedine Bible Mission Camp near Spring City, Rhea County, Tennessee. Under the direction of Dr. Nicholas Honerkamp, two weeks of fieldwork were carried out in May, 1989, by students enrolled in a University of Tennessee at Chattanooga (UTC) Archaeological Field School. Controlled excavation of 14 square meters in the central area of the mound revealed evidence of previous excavation in the form of a large pit dug to the premound surface. Included in the fill of this pit was a high frequency of mussel shells and several large slabs of limestone; two limestone-tempered ceramic fragments and small amounts of charcoal were also recovered. Apparently the initiating burial or burials and accompanying grave goods (if any) had been removed, and the looting pit had been quickly backfilled. Based on its location and assumed method of construction, this feature is thought to be associated with the Hamilton Mortuary Pattern described by Patricia E. Cole (1975).
Horsman, Reginald; Expansion and American Indian Policy. 1783-1812. East Lansing, Mich: Michigan State University Press, 1967. ISBN-10: 0806124229, ISBN-13: 978-0806124223
Houck, Louis, ed.; The Spanish Regime in Missouri: A Collection of Papers and Documents Relating to Upper Louisiana Principally within the Present Limits of Missouri During the Dominion of Spain. 2 vols. Chicago: R.R. Donnelley & Sons Co., 1909. https://archive.org/details/spanishregimeinm01houc/page/n8
Houck, Louis. A History of Missouri from the Earliest Exploration and Settlements Until the Admission of the State into the Union. 3 vols. Chicago: R.R. Donnelley, 1908. https://ia902608.us.archive.org/24/items/historyofmissour01houc/historyofmissour01houc.pdf
Howard, J. H. (1968). The Southeastern Ceremonial Complex and its interpretation. Missouri Archaeological Society, Memoir, 6, Columbia. ASIN: B005HDX5BG
HSIUNG, D. (1989). How Isolated Was Appalachia? Upper East Tennessee, 1780-1835. Appalachian Journal, 16(4), 336-349. Retrieved January 7, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/40933168
Hudson, C. M.; (2003): Conversations with the High Priest of Coosa; The University of North Carolina Press; ISBN-10: 0807854212, ISBN-13: 978-0807854211
Hudson, C., Smith, M., Hally, D., Polhemus, R., & DePratter, C. (1985). Coosa: A Chiefdom in the Sixteenth-Century Southeastern United States. American Antiquity, 50(4), 723-737. doi:10.2307/280163
ABSTRACT
Sixteenth-century Spanish explorers regarded Coosa as one of the most important chiefdoms in the southeastern United States. Using both documentary and archaeological evidence, we have located the main town of Coosa and several tributary towns, as well as some of the frontiers of the chiefdom. The locations of these towns and frontiers are supported by the archaeological recovery of sixteenth-century European artifacts in the postulated area of the chiefdom.
Hudson, Charles 1976 The Southeastern Indians. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville. ISBN-10: 0870492489, ISBN-13: 978-0870492488
Humphreys, R. (1934). Lord Shelburne and the Proclamation of 1763. The English Historical Review, 49(194), 241-264. Retrieved January 13, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/553250
Hurley, W. M. (1986). The Late Woodland stage: Effigy Mound culture. Wisconsin Archaeologist 67: 283–301.
Hussey, R. D.; (1932): Text of the Laws of Burgos (1512-1513) Concerning the Treatment of the Indians. The Hispanic American Historical Review, 12(3), 301-326. doi:10.2307/2506673
I
Indian Health Service Report. ( 1991, December). A roundtable conference on dysfunctional behavior and its impact on Indian health. Final Report. Albuquerque, NM and Washington, DC: Kauffman. https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1093&context=nhd Google Scholar
ABSTRACT
Between December 11 and 12, 1991, the Indian Health Service (IHS) sponsored a Roundtable Conference on dysfunctional behavior and its impact on American Indian (AI/AN) health. The meeting was oriented toward health policy rather than clinical. The panel consisted of professionals from family health, mental health, employment, counseling, substance abuse fields, clinicians, and academicians. The participants were provided data and a review of literature describing the human and financial costs to families affected by dysfunctional behavior of its members. The range of behaviors included alcoholism, chronic unemployment, mental illness, drug or inhalant abuse, promiscuity, child abuse, gambling and other addictions, self-destructive acts, violence in all forms and other criminal offenses. The roundtable participants developed statements reflecting consensus on issues related to dysfunctional behavior and its impacts on AI/AN health. First and foremost, the consensus was that IHS and other health providers must understand and value the resilience of healthy traditions and cultural strengths in the AI/AN communities. Attention should be given to functional aspects of AI/AN life. Eight statements were developed including: 1) creating a vision for health; 2) recognize the resiliency of families; 3) preserve cultural awareness; 4) create a healing environment; 5) advocate for a holistic approach in medicine; 6) recognize the need for orientation on culture, history and tribal government for epidemiology research; 7) recognize funding problems and sources; and 8) promote sharing and accessing health information.
Indian Sovereignty and Eastern Indian Land Claims; 27 New York Law School Law Review 921 (1981-1982) https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/nyls27&div=36&id=&page=
Indians of the Southwest, A survey of Indian tribes and Indian Administration in Arizona. Tucson: Bureau of Ethnic Research, University' of Arizona, 1953. ASIN: B0007EHD1I
Indians of Today. Edited and compiled by Marion E. Gridley. 2nd ed. Chicago: Miller Publishing Co., 1947. Third edition, 1960, and fourth edition, 1971. Biographical sketches of prominent living Indians with one-quarter or more Indian blood. ASIN: B002BQKDEY
Inman, N. R.; (2017): Brothers and Friends: Kinship in Early America (Early American Places Ser.); University of Georgia Press; ISBN-10: 0820351091, ISBN-13: 978-0820351094
Ivers, Larry E. 1970 Colonial Forts of South Carolina, 1670-1775. University of South Carolina Press, Columbia, South Carolina. ISBN-10: 0872491358, ISBN-13: 978-0872491359
Ives, David J. 1975 The Crescent Hills Prehistoric Quarrying Area. Museum Brief 22. Museum of Anthropology, University of Missouri, Columbia. ISBN-10: 0913134228, ISBN-13: 978-0913134221
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Jack N. Rakove, Original Meanings: Politics and Ideas in the Making of the Constitution (New York: Vintage, 1996), p. 36. ISBN-10: 9780679781219, ISBN-13: 978-0679781219 Google Scholar
Jackson, Andrew. Correspondence of Andrew Jackson. Edited by John Spencer Bassett. 6 vols. Papers of the Department of Historical Research. J. Franklin Jameson, ed. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institute of Washington, 1926-33. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001639368
Jacobs, Wilbur R. (Editor) 1967 The Appalachian Indian Frontier: The Edmond Atkin Report. Reprinted. University of South Carolina Press, Columbia, South Carolina. Originally published 1935 as Indians of the Southern Colonial Frontier: The Edmond Atkin Report and Plan of 1755. ISBN-10: 0803250118, ISBN-13: 978-0803250116
Jacobs. (1972). Dispossessing the American Indian: Indians and whites on the colonial frontier. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN-10: 0806119357, ISBN-13: 978-0806119359
James A. Bryant Jr. (2017). Educating for Activism: The Gadugi Program. Journal of American Indian Education, 56(3), 59-78. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5749/jamerindieduc.56.3.0059
James, Marquis; The Raven: A Biography of Sam Houston. N.Y.: Blue Ribbon Books; 1929. ISBN-10: 9780292770409, ISBN-13: 978-0292770409, ASIN: 0292770405
Jameson, Jr., John H. (Editor) 2004 The Reconstructed Past: Reconstructions in the Public Interpretation of Archaeology and History. Alta Mira Press, Walnut Creek, California. ISBN-10: 0759103763, ISBN-13: 978-0759103764
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Johnson, M. H. 1989 Conceptions of Agency in Archaeological Interpretation. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 8: 189–211. CrossRef | Google Scholar
ABSTRACT
The history of archaeological concern with the individual social actor is traced, and a divergence between emphasis of human agency in theory and ignorance in pratice is noted. Three studies are critiqued in this light: Shanks and Tilley's (1987a, Reconstructing archaeology, Cambridge University Press) study of contemporary beer can design in England and Sweden, Leone's (1984, In Ideology, power and prehistory, pp. 25–35) interpretation of the William Paca Garden, and Hodder's (1982b, In Symbolic and structural archaeology, pp. 162–177) analysis of the Dutch Neolithic. The reflexive relationship between social structure and human agency is then examined empirically with reference to the domestic architecture of sixteenth century Suffolk, England. Medieval houses are interpreted as expressing an ideology legitimating “feudal” social relationships. Changes in spatial organisation and architectural detail of the 1500s are linked, through specific houses and owners, with individuals and groups actively pursuing social goals and expressing varied sets of ideas through the form of their dwellings. The intended and unintended consequences of these changes are seen as leading in turn to a wider social and economic transformation, and ultimately to the “rise of capitalism.” Finally, some implications of the study for future work on this problem are suggested.
Jolley, Robert L. Archaeological Investigations at Fort Loudoun (44FK593): A French and Indian War Period Fortification, Winchester, Virginia. Archeological Society of Virginia Quarterly Bulletin, Volume 60, 2, pp. 67-106. https://www.archeologyva.org/Pub/PubQB.html
Jones, D. (1944). Cephas Washburn and His Work in Arkansas. The Arkansas Historical Quarterly, 3(2), 125-136. doi:10.2307/40018753
Jones, W. (1967). General Guide to Documents on the Five Civilized Tribes in the University of Oklahoma Library Division of Manuscripts. Ethnohistory, 14(1/2), 47-76. Retrieved January 17, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/480594
Jordan, Terry G. and Matti Kaups. The American Backwoods Frontier: An Ethnic and Ecological Interpretation, softshell edition. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992. ISBN-10: 0801843758, ISBN-13: 978-0801843754
Jucovy, M. (1992). Psychoanalytic contributions to Holocaust studies. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 73, 267–282. PubMed Google Scholar
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this presentation is to provide a comprehensive overview to a wide audience of how effects of trauma incurred by victims of Nazi persecution during the Holocaust may affect survivors and their children. In doing so, one has to accept that powerful defences employed by survivors themselves and the world about them led to a 'latency period' which delayed investigation of the late sequelae of Holocaust trauma. Bridging the gap was stimulated by the passage of indemnification legislation by the Federal German Republic which enabled mental health professionals to investigate these possible effects. Psychoanalytic theories of trauma had to be reconsidered in the light of these inquiries. Further study revealed that the effects of massive and cumulative trauma may be transmitted to the second generation. Recurrent themes and conflicts in children of survivors have been described. Clinical illustrations have been provided to illuminate some aspects of problems encountered in treating members of a traumatized group. Finally, issues involving unresolved mourning and questions of commemorating the Holocaust have been considered.
Justice, D. H.; (2006): Our Fire Survives the Storm: A Cherokee Literary History. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN-10: 0816646392, ISBN-13: 978-0816646395
Justice, D.H. (2010). "To Look upon Thousands": Cherokee Transnationalism, at Home and Abroad. CR: The New Centennial Review 10(1), 169-178. doi:10.1353/ncr.2010.0026.
K
Kane, Sean Patrick; The Bloody Ground: The Chickamauga Wars and Trans Appalachian Expansion, 1776-1794; The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2018. 10816172. https://www.google.com/search?sxsrf=ACYBGNR53NqgAjiZrfl61Exo2sGFgGUEXw%3A1579173181999&source=hp&ei=PUUgXs2oOtK8tgXIv5KoDw&q=Kane%2C+Sean+Patrick%3B+The+Bloody+Ground%3A+The+Chickamauga+Wars+and+Trans+Appalachian+Expansion%2C+1776-1794%3B+The+University+of+North+Carolina+at+Charlotte%2C+ProQuest+Dissertations+Publishing%2C+2018.+10816172&oq=Kane%2C+Sean+Patrick%3B+The+Bloody+Ground%3A+The+Chickamauga+Wars+and+Trans+Appalachian+Expansion%2C+1776-1794%3B+The+University+of+North+Carolina+at+Charlotte%2C+ProQuest+Dissertations+Publishing%2C+2018.+10816172&gs_l=psy-ab.3...1177859.1177859..1178475...5.0..0.0.0.......0....2j1..gws-wiz.YCu_F4louTU&ved=0ahUKEwiNu7LE_ofnAhVSnq0KHcifBPUQ4dUDCAc&uact=5
Kapplar, Charles J.; Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. Vol 1. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1903-40,
LAWS https://dc.library.okstate.edu/digital/collection/kapplers/id/28108
INDEX https://dc.library.okstate.edu/digital/collection/kapplers/id/28012
Kapplar, Charles J.; Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. Vol 2. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1903-40,
TREATIES https://dc.library.okstate.edu/digital/collection/kapplers/id/25853
INDEX https://dc.library.okstate.edu/digital/collection/kapplers/id/26915
Kapplar, Charles J.; Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. Vol 3. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1903-40,
LAWS https://dc.library.okstate.edu/digital/collection/kapplers/id/25852
INDEX https://dc.library.okstate.edu/digital/collection/kapplers/id/25810
Kappler, Charles J., comp. Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. Vol 4. Washington, D.C.: G.P.O., 1904.
LAWS https://dc.library.okstate.edu/digital/collection/kapplers/id/24163
INDEX https://dc.library.okstate.edu/digital/collection/kapplers/id/24102
Kapplar, Charles J.; Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. Vol 5. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1903-40,
LAWS https://dc.library.okstate.edu/digital/collection/kapplers/id/25053
INDEX https://dc.library.okstate.edu/digital/collection/kapplers/id/24998
Kapplar, Charles J.; Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. Vol 6. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1903-40
LAWS https://dc.library.okstate.edu/digital/collection/kapplers/id/29334
INDEX https://dc.library.okstate.edu/digital/collection/kapplers/id/15783
Kapplar, Charles J.; Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. Vol 7. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1903-40
LAWS https://dc.library.okstate.edu/digital/collection/kapplers/id/15839
INDEX https://dc.library.okstate.edu/digital/collection/kapplers/id/15783
Kapplar, Charles J.; Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. Supplement. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1903-40
SUPPLIMENT https://dc.library.okstate.edu/digital/collection/kapplers/id/22347
Kars, Marjoleine. Breaking Loose Together: The Regulator Rebellion in Pre-Revolutionary North Carolina. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002. ISBN-10: 0807849995, ISBN-13: 978-0807849996
Katcher, Philip 1975; Armies of the American Wars 1753-1815. Hastings House Publishers, New York, New York. ISBN-10: 0803803893, ISBN-13: 978-0803803893
Kay, M., & Johnson, A. (1977). HAVANA TRADITION CHRONOLOGY OF CENTRAL MISSOURI. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology, 2(2), 195-217. Retrieved January 16, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/20707808
Kay, M., King, F., and Robinson, C. (1980). Cucurbits from Phillips Spring: New evidence and interpretations. American Antiquity 45: 806–822. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/280151 Google Scholar
ABSTRACT
Excavations conducted since Chomko's initial discovery in 1974 of Cucurbita pepo seeds have clarified their stratigraphic and radiometric context as well as delineated an earlier archaeological unit, the Squash and Gourd Zone, where a second cucurbit, Lagenaria siceraria, was found. The two units are Late Archaic with dates (weighted averages of radiocarbon assays) of 4257 ± 39 and 3928 ± 41 radiocarbon years B.P., respectively, and are beneath stratigraphically superior Late Archaic and Woodland units also containing cucurbits. A comparison of the early Cucurbita pepo with others from later contexts demonstrates an increasing size with time and morphology similar between the early seeds and the historic cultivar "Mandan." Nutritional value of the cucurbits, both cultigens, may have been comparable to that of other wild plant foods consumed. In any event, the cucurbits are artifacts of regional exchange mechanisms operating some 4000 years ago; the most plausible mechanism being down-the-line exchange.
Keel, Bennie C, 1976; Cherokee archeology, study of the Appalachian Summit. The University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville. ISBN-10: 087049189X, ISBN-13: 978-0870491894
Keeley, L. H., and Newcomer, M. H. 1977 Microwear Analysis of Experimental Flint Tools: A Test Case. Journal of Archaeological Science 4:29–62. CrossRef | Google Scholar
ABSTRACT
Recent attempts to infer the functions of prehistoric stone tools have centred on the study of microscopic traces of wear on the surfaces of these tools. One method of “microwear analysis” involving high magnification and an incident light microscope is tested in this paper. Modern flint tools made and used in ways thought relevant to prehistory were produced by a lithic technologist and after cleaning given to the microwear specialist who attempted to infer their use. A high degree of agreement between inferred and actual uses was achieved and this encouraging result has important implications for the study of microwear on prehistoric tools where no such independent check is available.
Keeley, Lawrence H. 1974. Technique and Methodology in Microwear Studies: A Critical Review World Archaeology 5:323–336. CrossRef | Google Scholar
ABSTRACT
This review seeks critically to examine recent attempts to apply microwear analysis in the study of the uses of stone implements. It deals particularly with the techniques of microscopic examination that were employed and with the methodologies utilized in attempts to infer function from microwear observations. In both of these areas serious but rectifiable omissions were found to be common. Recommendations are offered for correcting these faults and for increasing the productivity, reliability and validity of microwear analysis.
Keeley, Lawrence H. 1980 Experimental Determinations of Stone Tool Uses. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. ISBN-10: 0226428885, ISBN-13: 978-0226428888 Google Scholar
Kehoe, A. B. (1989). The Ghost Dance: Ethnohistory and revitalization. Fort Worth, TX: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN 10: 1-57766-453-1, ISBN 13: 978-1-57766-453-6 Google Scholar
Kehoe, A.B. 1998. The Land of Prehistory: A Critical History of American Archaeology. Routledge, New York ISBN-10: 0415920558, ISBN-13: 978-0415920551 Google Scholar
Kelley, P. (1961). Fort Loudoun: The After Years, 1700-1960. Tennessee Historical Quarterly, 20(4), 303-322. Retrieved January 17, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/42625768
Kelly, J. E. 1984a Late Woodland Period. In American Bottom Archaeology, edited by Bareis, C. J. and Porter, J.W. pp. 104–127. University of Illinois Press, Urbana. https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/30431725/Kelly_et_al._1984_Emergent_Mississippian_in_American_Bottom_Summary_Volume.pdf?response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DEmergent_Mississippian_Period._In_Americ.pdf&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A%2F20200117%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20200117T122911Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Signature=3ab27af5fafde0aa002078168e6739aa1ba515eb73efd054219d35d779553024
Kelly, J. E. 1990 The Emergence of Mississippian Culture in the American Bottom Region. In The Mississippian Emergence, edited by Smith, B. D., pp. 113–152. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. ISBN-10: 0817354522, ISBN-13: 978-0817354527 Google Scholar
Kelly, J. E., Linder, J. R., and Cartmell, T. J. 1979 The Archaeological Intensive Survey of the Proposed FAI-270 Alignment in the American Bottom Region of Southern Illinois. Illinois Transportation Archaeology Scientific Reports 1. Illinois Department of Transportation, Springfield. https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/30431725/Kelly_et_al._1984_Emergent_Mississippian_in_American_Bottom_Summary_Volume.pdf?response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DEmergent_Mississippian_Period._In_Americ.pdf&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A%2F20200117%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20200117T123050Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Signature=621bf9b00fc5320ea546dcb67648cc080804a265758407df977da2063746b84b
Kelly, J. E., Ozuk, S. J., Jackson, D. K., McElrath, D. L., 1984b Emergent Mississippian Period. In American Bottom Archaeology, edited by Bareis, C. J. and Porter, J. W, pp. 128–157. University of Illinois Press, Urbana and Chicago. https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/30431725/Kelly_et_al._1984_Emergent_Mississippian_in_American_Bottom_Summary_Volume.pdf?response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DEmergent_Mississippian_Period._In_Americ.pdf&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A%2F20200117%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20200117T123121Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Signature=2d29e8cc10bc232ae6a999153f1962b69f5e562067fe4c20486cd04a60a29785
Kelly, James C. 1978 Notable Persons in Cherokee History: Attakullakulla. Journal of Cherokee Studies, Volume 3, Number 1, pp. 2-34. ASIN: B002UQHTVK
Kelly, James C. 1978 Oconostota. Journal of Cherokee Studies, Volume 3, Number 4, pp. 221- 238. ASIN: B000X7Y0JC
Kelly, James C. 1982 Fort Loudoun: British Stronghold in the Tennessee Country. The East Tennessee Historical Society Publications, Number 50, pp. 72-91. http://teachtnhistory.org/file/Fort%20Loudoun-%20British%20Stronghold%20in%20the%20TN%20Country%20(Kelly).pdf
Kelso, William M. 1979 Captain Jones’s Wormslow: A Study of a Historical, Archaeological and Architectural Eighteenth Century Plantation Site near Savannah, Georgia. Wormslow Foundation Publications, Number 13. University of Georgia Press, Athens, Georgia. ISBN-10: 0820332534, ISBN-13: 978-0820332536
Kennedy, Roger G. Architecture, Men, Women, and Money in America, 1600-1860. New York: Random House, 1985. ASIN: B005S10EQG
Kent, Barry C. 1978 Discovery of Fort Loudoun, Franklin County, Pennsylvania. The Pennsylvania Archaeologist, Vol. 48, No.3, pp. 42-48. http://www.pennsylvaniaarchaeology.com/PA_PDFs_v49_v30.htm
Kenyon, Walter A. 1986 The History of James Bay 1610-1686: A Study in Historical Archaeology. Archaeology Monograph 10. Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Canada. ISBN-10: 0888543166, ISBN-13: 978-0888543165
Kessell, J.L. Restoring Seventeenth-Century New Mexico, Then and Now. Hist Arch (1997) 31: 46. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03377254
Kestenberg, J. S. (1982). A metapsychological assessment based on an analysis of a survivor's child. In M. S. Bergmann & M. E. Jucovy (Eds.), Generations of the Holocaust (p. 137–158). Columbia University Press. Google Scholar
ABSTRACT
Beyond the individuality and the universality of themes in the analyses of [Holocaust] survivors' children, one can detect in them certain combinations of structural elements, a complex that can be defined in a metapsychological profile / the following history of a long analysis of an adult daughter of a survivor will serve as a source for such a profile, which may be used as a model for comparisons with other cases
Key, J. (2000). Indians and Ecological Conflict in Territorial Arkansas. The Arkansas Historical Quarterly, 59(2), 127-146. Retrieved January 17, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/40025436
Keyes, C. (1940). The Cahokia Mound Group and Its Village Site Materials. P. F. Titterington. (Small quarto, 40 pp., consisting of 16 pp. of text, 2 mound plans in the text, 24 photographic plates with 49 figures of mounds and artifacts; privately printed, St. Louis, Missouri, 1938.). American Antiquity, 5(3), 259-261. doi:10.2307/275288. Google Scholar
Kidd, Kenneth E., and Martha Ann Kidd 1970 A Classification System for Glass Beads for the Use of Field Archaeologists. Canadian Historic Sites: Occasional Papers in Archaeology and History - No.1, pp. 45-89. Ottawa, Canada. http://parkscanadahistory.com/series/chs/1/chs1-eng.pdf
Kilpatrick, Jack Frederick and Anne Gritts Kilpatrick, eds. New Echota Letters: Contributions of Samuel A. Worcester to the Cherokee Phoenix. Dallas: Southern Methodist UP, 1968. https://www.abebooks.com/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=18179013586&searchurl=sortby%3D17%26tn%3Dnew%2Bechota%2Bletters&cm_sp=snippet-_-srp1-_-title1
Kimball, Fiske 1966 Domestic Architecture of the American Colonies and of the Early Republic. Reprinted. Dover Publications, New York. Originally published 1922 by Charles Scribner, New York, New York. https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchCode=LCCN&searchArg=22024675&searchType=1&permalink=y
ISBN-10: 0486217434, ISBN-13: 978-0486217437
King, A.; (2002); Etowah: The Political History of a Chiefdom Capital. University Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa. ISBN-10: 0817312242, ISBN-13: 978-0817312244
King, A., Dye, D.H.; (2007): Southeastern Ceremonial Complex: Chronology, Content, Contest; University of Alabama Press; ISBN-10: 0817315543, ISBN-13: 978-0817315542
SUMMARY
A timely, comprehensive reevaluation of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex.
One of the most venerable concepts in Southeastern archaeology is that of the Southern Cult. The idea has its roots in the intensely productive decade (archaeologically) of the 1930s and is fundamentally tied to yet another venerable concept—Mississippian culture. The last comprehensive study of the melding of these two concepts into the term Southeastern Ceremonial Complex (SECC) is more than two decades old, yet our understanding of the objects, themes, and artistic styles associated with the SECC have changed a great deal. New primary data have come to light that bear directly on the complex, requiring a thorough reanalysis of both concepts and dating. Recent publications have ignited many debates about the dating and the nature of the SECC.
This work presents new data and new ideas on the temporal and social contexts, artistic styles, and symbolic themes included in the complex. It also demonstrates that engraved shell gorgets, along with other SECC materials, were produced before A.D. 1400.
King, Duane H. 1969 Citico Site (40MR7): Pottery. In Archaeological Investigations in the Tellico Reservoir, Tennessee, 1967-1968: An Interim Report, edited by Lawr V. Salo. University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, pp.58-82. Knoxville, Tennessee. ASIN: B0006C1XIU
King, Duane H. 1972 An Analysis of Aboriginal Ceramics from Eighteenth Century Cherokee Sites in Tennessee. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia. https://trace.tennessee.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=5629&context=utk_gradthes
King, Duane H. 1979 The Cherokee Indian Nation. The University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, Tennessee. ISBN-10: 1572334517, ISBN-13: 978-1572334519
King, Duane H. Cherokee Heritage. Cherokee: Cherokee Communications, 1988. ASIN: B001MAYOJA
King, J. 1984. Ceramic Variability in 17th-Century St. Augustine, Florida. King, Hist Arch (1984) 18: 75. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03374486
ABSTRACT
One of the issues central to the archaeological research program in St. Augustine has been the nature of colonial adaptive variability and how it is reflected archaeologically. Early and late 17th century ceramic assemblages from three undocumented sites in the town were analyzed and compared using the chi-square test for significance. Observed differences in the ceramic patterning occurred predominantly among Spanish Olive Jar and aboriginal ware categories. Based on previous research at documented 18th century St. Augustine sites, it is suggested that variation among these categories may be linked to 17th century income and occupational status.
Kirkpatrick, A.; (1998): The Night Has a Naked Soul: Witchcraft and Sorcery among the Western Cherokee; Syrcause University Press; ISBN-10: 0815605390,ISBN-13: 978-0815605393
Klein, M. M.; (1984): The twilight of British Rule in Revolutionary America The New York Letter Book of General James Robertson; New York History; Cooperstown, N.Y., etc. Vol. 65, Iss. 3, (Jul 1, 1984) ISBN-10: 0917334124, ISBN-13: 978-0917334122
Klinck, Carl F., and James J. Talman 1970 The Journal of Major John Norton, 1816. The Champlain Society, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. https://www.abebooks.com/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=30162241728&searchurl=sortby%3D17%26tn%3Djournal%2Bmajor%2Bjohn%2Bnorton%2B1816&cm_sp=snippet-_-srp1-_-title2
Kneberg, Madeline 1956; Some important projectile points found in the Tennessee area. Tennessee Archaeologist Volume 7, No. 1. https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/environment/archaeology/documents/tennesseearchaeologyjournal/arch-journal_volume-7-issue-1.pdf
Kniffen, F., & Glassie, H. (1966). Building in Wood in the Eastern United States: A Time-Place Perspective. Geographical Review, 56(1), 40-66. doi:10.2307/212734
ABSTRACT
Despite an increasing dominance of wood construction as the American frontier of settlement moved westward from the seaboard, every significant building method employed up to 1850 derived from European practices. Frame construction prevailed strongly in post-frontier housing except in the upland South. Here horizontal notched log construction, learned from the Pennsylvania Germans, was adopted by Scotch-Irish and other settlers. Skills in log construction were of the highest order along the migration routes southward through the Appalachian valleys to the Tennessee Valley, thence westward into Arkansas and Missouri. They deteriorated outward, even in the upland South. Pockets of French settlement along the Mississippi have until recently employed half-timbering and vertical posts set into the ground (poteaux en terre) as dominant methods of building, exhibiting a marked aversion to "American" horizontal log construction. Projected studies will associate construction methods with folk housing types, ethnic groups, and the changes from frontier to settled communities.
Knight, V. (1986). The Institutional Organization of Mississippian Religion. American Antiquity, 51(4), 675-687. doi:10.2307/280859.
ABSTRACT
Symbolic objects for ceremonial display, or sacra, tend to be systematically related in their representational content to the cult institutions that produce and manipulate them. Cult organization is normally pluralistic among preliterate complex societies. Mississippian sacra suggest a triad of coexisting types of cult institution: (1) a communal cult type emphasizing earth/fertility and purification ritual, (2) a chiefly cult type serving to sanctify chiefly authority, and (3) a priestly cult type mediating between the other two, supervising mortuary ritual and ancestor veneration.
Knight, V. J., Jr. (1986). The institutional organization of Mississippian religion. American Antiquity 51: 675–687. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/280859 Google Scholar
ABSTRACT
Symbolic objects for ceremonial display, or sacra, tend to be systematically related in their representational content to the cult institutions that produce and manipulate them. Cult organization is normally pluralistic among preliterate complex societies. Mississippian sacra suggest a triad of coexisting types of cult institution: (1) a communal cult type emphasizing earth/fertility and purification ritual, (2) a chiefly cult type serving to sanctify chiefly authority, and (3) a priestly cult type mediating between the other two, supervising mortuary ritual and ancestor veneration.
Knight, Vernon James Jr., 1981 Mississippian Ritual. Ph. D. dissertation, University of Florida. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor. https://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/AA/00/02/49/37/00001/AA00024937_00001.pdf
Knight, Vernon James Jr., 1984 Late Prehistoric Adaptation in the Mobile Bay Region. In Steinen, K. (1986). American Indian Quarterly, 10(3), 239-241. doi:10.2307/1184129 . Google Scholar
PUBLISHER SUMMARY
The characteristics of runoff and sediment yield are the principal determinants of the physical properties of alluvial channels and floodplains. The frequency and magnitude of water and sediment yields are adjusted to climate, vegetative cover, and physiography. A vast literature pertains to relations between alluvial histories and Holocene climates. Not surprisingly, many of the interpretations and conclusions contradict each other. In this chapter, I first identify a few hypotheses that characterize the responses of river systems to Holocene climates. I then examine the relations among climate, vegetation, and fluvial activity in cases where causal connections can be sought.
Knox, J. C. (1983). Responses of river systems to Holocene climates. In Wright, H. (Ed.). (1984). Late Quaternary Environments of the United States: Volume 2. University of Minnesota Press. Retrieved January 17, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/10.5749/j.ctttt09b
Kocher, A. Lawrence. Review of The Mansions of Virginia, 1706- 1776, by Thomas Tileston Waterman. The William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., Vol. 3, No. 4. (Oct 1946), pp 590-595. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1921906?seq=1
Shannon D. Koerner, Lynne P. Sullivan & Bobby R. Braly (2011) A REASSESSMENT OF THE CHRONOLOGY OF MOUND A AT TOQUA, Southeastern Archaeology, 30:1, 134-147, DOI: 10.1179/sea.2011.30.1.010
ABSTRACT
The Toqua site (40MR6) is one of the most thoroughly excavated Late Mississippian mound sites in East Tennessee. The site has been a focal point of research on late prehistory in southern Appalachia, but there are issues surrounding its chronological placement. The radiometric dates obtained for the site in the 1970s and the archaeomagnetic dates reported in 1999 have large standard deviations. These dates are too imprecise to be useful for a temporal placement of the site that is clear enough for current discussions of the development of Mississippian culture. A newly obtained Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) date from the large platform mound (Mound A) allows a reevaluation of the occupation sequence of the Toqua site. This date provides an anchor for a refined chronology for Mound A. In addition to the new AMS date, this refined chronology is based on complementary lines of evidence, including architectural evidence, mortuary practices, pottery traditions, and shell gorget styles.
Koller, P., Charles R. Marmar & Nick Kanas (1992) Psychodynamic Group Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Vietnam Veterans, International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 42:2, 225-246, DOI: 10.1080/00207284.1992.11490687
ABSTRACT
Exposure to combat frequently imparts a sense of aloneness, guilt, and helplessness. These and other intrapsychic and interpersonal issues need to be addressed in treating Vietnam veterans suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Group therapy is proposed as a core treatment modality for dealing with these problems. A model is proposed in which patients are treated for 1 year or more in weekly groups that meet for 16-week sequential segments. Clinical guidelines are made explicit to new members by the co-therapists. Discussion topics deal not only with traumatic experiences related to combat, but also with important pre- and postwar issues that are relevant to the symptoms of PTSD. Timely integration and working through of these issues in the group is critical.
Konetzke, Richard 1945 La emigración de mujeres españolas a America durante la época colonial. Revista Internacional de Sociologia, III (9):125–150. Madrid, Spain. http://revintsociologia.revistas.csic.es/index.php/revintsociologia
Konetzke, Richard 1946 El mestizaje y su importancia en el desarrollo de la población hispanoamericana durante la época colonial. Revista de Indias, 25:581–586. Madrid, Spain. https://editorial.csic.es/publicaciones/revista/25/1/10/revista-de-indias.html
Krugman, S. (1987). Trauma in the family: Perspectives on the intergenerational transmission of violence. In B. A. van der Kolk (Ed.), Psychological trauma (pp. 127–151 ). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association Press. ISBN-10: 1585621625, ISBN-13: 978-1585621620
Krupat, Arnold. “America’s Histories.” American Literary History, Volume 10, Issue 1, Spring 1998, Pages 124–146, https://doi.org/10.1093/alh/10.1.124
Krystal, H. (1981). Integration and self-healing in posttraumatic states. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 14(2), 165–189. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1983-05679-001
ABSTRACT
In follow-up studies of Holocaust survivors, the author has found a high rate of psychosomatic disease, especially alexithymia accompanied by anhedonia. This can be traced to adult catastrophic psychic trauma brought on by the unavoidable danger of the Holocaust experience and causing a change in the affective state from anxiety to a pattern of surrender. Simultaneously, a numbing process blocks all pain and leads to a progressive constriction of cognitive processes, including memory and problem solving. The aftereffects of this trauma represent a continuation of the traumatic experience and consist of continued cognitive restriction, episodic "freezing" under stress, and pseudophobia. Holocaust survivors who are unable to work through their hatred and past memories and to integrate this past are substituting moral judgment for self-healing. Survivors unable to integrate can often not complete analysis because they are unable to complete the necessary mourning process. Instead, they handle their problems by a constriction of interest, by avoidance of both pleasure and excitement.
Kukla, J. 2003. A Wilderness So Immense: The Louisiana Purchase and the Destiny of America. Knopf, New York ISBN-10: 0375707611, ISBN-13: 978-0375707612 Google Scholar
Kutsche, Paul. A Guide to Cherokee Documents in the Northeastern United States. Native American Bibliography Series, No. 7. Methuen, NJ: The Scarecrow Press, Inc., 1986. ISBN-10: 0810818272, ISBN-13: 978-0810818279
L
Landers, Jane G. 1990 African Presence in Early Spanish Colonization of the Caribbean and Southeastern Borderlands. In Columbian Consequences, Vol. 2, Archaeological and Historical Perspectives on the Spanish Borderlands East, D. H. Thomas, editor, pp. 315–328. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC. ISBN-10: 0874743907, ISBN-13: 978-0874743906
Larsen, Clark, Mark C. Griffin, Dale L. Hutchinson, Vivian E. Noble, Lynette Norr, Robert F. Pastor, Christopher B. Ruff, Katherine F. Russell, Margaret J. Schoeninger, Michael Schultz, Scott W. Simpson, and Mark F. Teaford 2001 Frontiers of Contact: Bioarchaeology of Spanish Florida. Journal of World Prehistory, 15(1):69–123.CrossRef
ABSTRACT
The arrival of Europeans in the New World had profound and long-lasting results for the native peoples. The record for the impact of this fundamental change in culture, society, and biology of Native Americans is well documented historically. This paper reviews the biological impact of the arrival of Europeans on native populations via the study of pre- and postcontact skeletal remains in Spanish Florida, the region today represented by coastal Georgia and northern Florida. The postcontact skeletal series, mostly drawn from Roman Catholic mission sites, are among the most comprehensive in the Americas, providing a compelling picture of adaptation and stress in this setting. Study of paleopathology, dental and skeletal indicators of physiological stress, stable isotope (carbon and nitrogen) analysis, tooth microwear, and skeletal morphology (cross-sectional geometry) reveals major alterations in quality of life and lifestyle. The bioarchaeological record indicates a general deterioration in health, declining dietary diversity and nutritional quality, and increasing workload in the contact period. The impact of contact in Spanish Florida appears to have been more dramatic in comparison with other regions, which likely reflects the different nature of contact relations in this setting versus other areas (e.g., New England, New France). The bioarchaeological record represents an important information source for understanding the dynamics of biocultural change resulting from colonization and conquest.
Larson, Lewis H. 1971 Archaeological Implications of Social Stratification at the Etowah Site, Georgia. In Approaches to the Social Dimensions of Mortuary Practices, edited by A. Brown, James, pp. 58–67. Society for American Archaeology, Memoirs 25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0081130000002549 Google Scholar
ABSTRACT
The excavation of Mound C, at the Etowah site, near Cartersville, Georgia, revealed a series of burials which suggests social stratification within the resident population. The differences between burials in the mound and those within the village cemeteries is to be seen not only in the more elaborate goods which accompany the mound burials, but also in the fact that the mound burials are accompanied by goods made of exotic and rare materials. The duplication of certain kinds of materials with individuals who represent different age groups suggests that the costume and paraphernalia is symbolic of an office and does not reflect individual taste in ornamentation.
Lathrap, D. W., and Porter, J. W. (1985). Mississippian farmers and the dominance of Cahokia. In Porter, J. W., and Rohn, D. (eds.), Illinois Archaeology. Illinois Archaeological Survey Bulletin 1: 70–78 (Urbana). ASIN: B0033HBM7C https://uofi.app.box.com/s/61z1rpj4072mlsibjukx
Leach, Douglas Edward 1973 Arms for Empire, A Military History of the British Colonies in North America. Macmillan Press, New York, New York. ASIN: B0006C4KOY
Legters, L. H. (1988). The American genocide. Policy Studies Journal, 16 (4), 768–777. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1541-0072.1988.tb00685.x CrossRef Google Scholar
LeMaster, M.; (2012): Brothers Born of One Mother: British–Native American Relations in the Colonial Southeast; University of Virginia Press; ISBN-10: 0813932416, ISBN-13: 978-0813932415 https://watermark.silverchair.com/zah1511.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAAnAwggJsBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggJdMIICWQIBADCCAlIGCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMZomj4N7O2lK-Ym2vAgEQgIICI4HLD1SugwppJICaq6QxdvJoIrgcjsFCvPADuQLezmES-CPcw2oHSdozWTcoVGHTmsRoDDR3kHZrGizxH3L8OLkA2BKm_acg0CKLT6bqxDFJIpgvVyrMtvoY-8oH7GcLKpRxFcEND4FKOe-XGc6JTzyEIRLbw6CVl_vrXu8NAHUP1Yfm_6lTjQUa7ySHMz97Jl2L9coAyVObVY19US590N_rz6aWaUms2WVhZF5cINPmaGMoF4A9bRsXcLy07B9ZwdezpL50wz3eaiKx4t50u6AheyGYc4C-8GJPVIcimU7d9fbNL7o0pH3J_e0JUzqpHGel2AUOXmnoGrBUvfdV0drOmVxJEQuZQt8otuFnGT9F62BPuUNiBjtU2QcTSHll9llmBcgXBOErOKETQK8gvBXE3IGdpWBYWZ7yg7Fqr0dgzB3XATB-ndaXZba0ES6WnxfnEgupF4KboyXZqjT3gRsiUlhM4rH0ujD97SBUrOzBpIjPL7MU4b6U6licFr7-WypEit57LcUTyi5OoOVp2sPtasWYeh6bTgGUT5sk93B44abv4L0Q8PiwBNzglKb_JmyQ0PU0MLV3CHRAtb6VZ2hMCafoNEnlEfYGVZzJ6Nd6_Msli2a9E1NQlIxgnSRFCdOAO464ADXHa5wiWQQ2zvQNjfpbHADJVHYC93GFs8ZU3r4vx7gWMlsi-w1R1SwzkWHt_jS53hanh1KxOfv_7PiDvLY
Lewis, D., Jr & Jordan, A. T.; (2008): Creek Indian Medicine Ways: The Enduring Power of Mvskoke Religion; University of New Mexico Press; ISBN-10: 0826323685, ISBN-13: 978-0826323682
Lewis, R. B. & Stout, C. & Muller, J. & Schroedl, G. F. & Kelly, K. & Scarry, J. F. & Hall, R. L. & Kidder, T. R. & Payne, C. & Wesson, C. B,; (1998): Mississippian Towns and Sacred Spaces: Searching for an Architectural Grammar; University Alabama Press; ISBN-10: 0817309470, ISBN-13: 978-0817309473
Lewis, T. M. N.; and Kneberg, M. D.; (1946); Hiwassee Island: An Archaeological Account of Four Tennessee Indian Peoples. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville. ISBN-10: 0870494201, ISBN-13: 978-0870494208
Lewis, T. M. N.; Lewis, M. K.; and Sullivan, L. P.; (compiler and editor); (1995); The Prehistory of the Chickamauga Basin in Tennessee, by T.M.N. Lewis, Madeline Kneberg Lewis, and others (2 vols.). The University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville. ISBN-10: 0870498614, ISBN-13: 978-0870498619
Lifton, R. J. (1988). Understanding the traumatized self: Imagery, symbolization, and transformation. In J. P. Wilson, Z. Harel, and B. Kahana (Eds.), Human adaptation to extreme stress: From the Holocaust to Vietnam (pp. 7–31 ). New York: Plenum Press. Google Scholar
ABSTRACT
When we gather as an intellectual and moral community in connection with our concern about traumatic events and post-traumatic responses, we seek to have good emerge from the bad. Although I feel this is especially true in my work, which involves so many destructive, indeed evil, events, I think it is also true for all of us. The logical aspect of that paradox for us is that, as we pursue our work, we seek the moment when our work is less necessary. We seek and work toward the cessation of destructive events on a massive scale, such as the Holocaust, the Vietnam War, or Hiroshima. As a result, we must keep a watchful eye on perpetrators, even as we pursue our work to help victims and survivors. At the same time, we have to keep a sharp moral and psychological distinction between victimizers and victims. In that regard, I refer to my own study of Vietnam veterans, Home from the War that I subtitled Vietnam Veterans: Neither Victims nor Executioners (Lifton, 1973). This reflects my understanding, as I began to work with Vietnam veterans, that they had been cast into the two roles that Camus warned us never to assume. Those with whom I worked subsequently struggled courageously to extricate themselves from both the roles of executioner and victim. One does not want to be a victim any more than one wants to be a victimizer.
Limmerick, P. N. (1987). The legacy of conquest: The unbroken past of the American West. New York: Norton. ISBN-10: 0393304973, ISBN-13: 978-0393304978 Google Scholar
Lincecum, Gideon 1904 Choctaw Traditions about Their Settlements in Mississippi and the Origin of Their Mounds. Publications of the Mississippi Historical Society 8 : 521–542. ISBN-10: 1286022835, ISBN-13: 978-1286022832
Littlefield, D. (1973). The Salt Industry in Arkansas Territory, 1819-1836. The Arkansas Historical Quarterly, 32(4), 312-336. doi:10.2307/40027640
Littlefield, D., & Underhill, L. (1976). Fort Wayne and the Arkansas Frontier, 1838-1840. The Arkansas Historical Quarterly, 35(4), 334-359. doi:10.2307/40023525
Littlefield, M. (1985). John Foster Wheeler of Fort Smith: Pioneer Printer and Publisher. The Arkansas Historical Quarterly, 44(3), 260-283. doi:10.2307/40025865
Livingood, P. (2008). Recent Discussions in Late Prehistoric Southern Archaeology. Native South 1, 1-26. doi:10.1353/nso.0.0006.
Logan, John Henry1859 A history of the upper country of South Carolina, from the earliest records of the close of the War of Independence (Vol. 1). S. G. Cournenay and Company, Charleston Reprinted 1960. Print on Demand Edition 2009 from 1859 ed. (Vol. I) and 1910 ed. (Vol. II). xxiv, 494 pp. Item #65 ISBN: 9780871525657
Loren, D. 2001. Social Skins: Orthodoxies and Practices of Dressing in the Early Colonial Lower Mississippi Valley. Journal of Social Archaeology 1(2) Google Scholar
ABSTRACT
While current anthropological interpretations employ notions of agency to interpret social practices in contact and early colonial period contexts, the interplay of doxa, orthodoxies and heterodoxies is often overlooked. When doxic (or unquestioned) beliefs were challenged during culture contact, attempts were made to reestablish colonial order through the creation of orthodoxies - laws and mandates - meant to police the daily routines of colonial subjects, many of which were viewed as heterodoxies (or inappropriate practices). Implicated in this discourse was the body and practices of dressing, which implied status, race and gender, as well as political, social and sexual interactions. In the case study presented here, I consider how both Native American and French subjects in the late seventeenth- and early eighteenth-century lower Mississippi Valley created social identities at the intersection of doxic beliefs, orthodoxies regarding clothing and actions and the practices of dressing.
Loucks, L. Jll 1993 Spanish-Indian Interaction in the Florida Missions: The Archaeology of Baptizing Springs. In The Spanish Missions of La Florida, B. G. McEwan, editor, pp. 193–216. University Press of Florida, Gainesville. ISBN-10: 0813012325, ISBN-13: 978-0813012322
Louis-Phillippe 1977 Diary of My Travels in America. Delacorte Press, New York, New York. ISBN-10: 0440018447, ISBN-13: 978-0440018445
Lovis, W. I. (1986). Environmental periodicity, buffering, and the Archaic adaptations of the Saginaw Valley, Michigan. In Neusius, S. W. (ed.), Foraging, Collecting, and Harvesting: Archaic Period Subsistence and Settlement in the Eastern Woodlands. Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University—Carbondale, Occasional Paper 6: 99–116. ISBN-10: 0881040584, ISBN-13: 978-0881040586
Luebke, Barbara F. “Elias Boudinot and ‘Indian Removal.’” Outsiders in 19th-Century Press History: A Multicultural Perspective. Frankie Hutton and Barbara Strauss, eds. Bowling Green: Bowling Green State University Popular Press, 1995. 115- 144. ISBN-10: 0879726873, ISBN-13: 978-0879726874
Lynott, Mark J. 1975 Explanation of Microwear Patterns on Gravers. Plains Anthropologist 20(68):121-128. https://doi.org/10.1080/2052546.1975.11908738 Google Scholar
ABSTRACT
Two levels of microwear research are distinguished. The descriptive level of research is based on observation of microwear patterns on stone tools. The explanatory level requires replication experiments. An experiment with the production of microwear on gravers is presented here.
Lyon, E. A.; (1996); A New Deal for Southeastern Archaeology. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa. ISBN-10: 0817307915, ISBN-13: 978-0817307912
M
Macgregor, G. (1975). Warriors without weapons. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ( Original published 1946 ) ISBN-10: 1298548543, ISBN-13: 978-1298548542 Google Scholar
Mahan, Dennis H. 1968 A Complete Treatise on Field Fortification with the General Outlines of the Principles Regulating the Arrangement, the Attack, and the Defence of Permanent Works. Reprint by Greenwood Press, New York, New York. Originally published 1836 by Wiley and Long. ISBN-10: 0837105579, ISBN-13: 978-0837105574
Mainfort R., C, Jr. 1986 Pinson Mounds: A Middle Woodland Ceremonial Center. Research Series No. 7. Division of Archaeology, Tennessee Department of Conservation, Nashville. ASIN: B0006ENCV4
Mainfort, Robert C., Jr. 1979 Indian Social Dynamics in the Period of European Contact, Fletcher Site Cemetery, Bay County, Michigan. Michigan State University, Publications of the Museum Anthropological Series, Volume 1, Number 4. East Lansing, Michigan ASIN: B000RAHBWI
Malone, H. T.; (2010): Cherokees of the Old South: A People in Transition; University of Georgia Press; ISBN-10: 0820335428, ISBN-13: 978-0820335421
Manucy, Albert C. 1962a Artillery through the Ages: A Short-Illustrated History of Cannon, Emphasizing Types Used in America. Reprinted by National Park Service, Interpretive Series, History, No. 3. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. Originally published 1949 by U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. ISBN-10: 1434697843, ISBN-13: 978-1434697844 https://archive.org/details/artillerythrough00manu
Manypenny, George W. Our Indian Wards. 1880. New York: Da Capo Press, 1972. Martin, Joel W. “Cultural Contact and Crises in the Early Republic: Native American https://archive.org/details/ourindianwards00manygoog/page/n8
MAPLES, P., & GERO, A. (1981). From Frock Coats to Fatigues: How to Identify Military Uniforms in Your Collections. History News, 36(8), 13-2. Retrieved January 20, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/42655380
Marcoux, J. B.; (2008); Cherokee Households and Communities in the English Contact Period, A.D. 1670-1740. PhD. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/concern/dissertations/j3860819s?locale=en
Marcus, P., and Rosenberg, A. (1988). A philosophical critique of the “Survivor Syndrome” and some implications for treatment. In R. L. Braham (Ed.), The psychological perspectives of the Holocaust and of its aftermath (pp. 53–78 ). New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN-10: 0880339608, ISBN-13: 978-0880339605
Margaret D. Jacobs, Genocide or Ethnic Cleansing? Are These Our Only Choices?, Western Historical Quarterly, Volume 47, Issue 4, Winter 2016, Pages 444–448, https://doi.org/10.1093/whq/whw104
Marquardt, W. H. (1985). Complexity and scale in the study of fisher-gatherer-hunters: An example from the Eastern United States. In Price, T. D., and Brown, J. A. (eds.), Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherers: The Emergence of Cultural Complexity, Academic Press, Orlando, pp. 59–98. ISBN-10: 0125647514, ISBN-13: 978-0125647519
Martin, J. W.; (1993): Sacred Revolt: The Muskogees' Struggle for a New World; Beacon Press; ISBN-10: 0807054038, ISBN-13: 978-0807054031
Martin, P. S., Quimby, G. I., and Collier, D. (1947). Indians Before Columbus, University of Chicago Press, Chicago. ASIN: B000O3UOE0
Mary R. Haas, "The Position of Apalachee in the Muskogean Family," International Journal of American Linguistics 15, no. 2 (Apr., 1949): 121-127. DOI.org/10.1086/464031
Matthews, C.N. History to Prehistory: an Archaeology of Being Indian. Arch 3, 271–295 (2007) doi:10.1007/s11759-007-9024-x
ABSTRACT
This paper explores a conception of being Indian in New Orleans that complicates and localizes Indian histories and identities. It poses that the notion of “being Indian” may be approached not only through the history and archaeology of persons but also as an identity such that being Indian itself is an artifact produced by a wide range of people in the development of New Orleans in the colonial and post-colonial periods. Employing a critical reading of intercultural relations, I explore archaeological evidence that suggests colonial New Orleans was created in both Indian and non-Indian terms through exchange. In this process archaeology shows that being Indian was part of a widely-shared colonial strategy that places a fluid Indian identity at the center of local history. The paper also considers how the marginalization of Indian people in the early nineteenth century was one way New Orleans and the greater southeast connected with dominant American sensibilities. Developing with the idea of “prehistory,” nineteenth-century Native Americans were distanced as a cultural other and pushed to margins of New Orleans society. The subsequent internal tensions of assimilation and removal derailed Indian challenges to White domination they had employed over the previous 100 years. As this action coincides with the invention of American archaeology as the science of prehistory, the paper concludes with a critical reflection on archaeological terminology.
Matthews, C.N. History to Prehistory An Archology of Being Indian (2007) 3: 271 - 295. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11759-007-9024-x
ABSTRACT
This paper explores a conception of being Indian in New Orleans that complicates and localizes Indian histories and identities. It poses that the notion of “being Indian” may be approached not only through the history and archaeology of persons but also as an identity such that being Indian itself is an artifact produced by a wide range of people in the development of New Orleans in the colonial and post-colonial periods. Employing a critical reading of intercultural relations, I explore archaeological evidence that suggests colonial New Orleans was created in both Indian and non-Indian terms through exchange. In this process archaeology shows that being Indian was part of a widely-shared colonial strategy that places a fluid Indian identity at the center of local history. The paper also considers how the marginalization of Indian people in the early nineteenth century was one way New Orleans and the greater southeast connected with dominant American sensibilities. Developing with the idea of “prehistory,” nineteenth-century Native Americans were distanced as a cultural other and pushed to margins of New Orleans society. The subsequent internal tensions of assimilation and removal derailed Indian challenges to White domination they had employed over the previous 100 years. As this action coincides with the invention of American archaeology as the science of prehistory, the paper concludes with a critical reflection on archaeological terminology.
McAlister, Lyle 1984 Spain and Portugal in the New World. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. ISBN-10: 0816612188, ISBN-13: 978-0816612185 Google Scholar
McCarthy, D. M.; (2011); Using Osteological Evidence to Assess Biological Affinity: A Re-evaluation of Selected Sites in East Tennessee. PhD. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/af81/e14b73cbe70aee5e97a29ffab6e9c085fda8.pdf
McDermott, John Francis 1965 The French in the Mississippi Valley. University of Illinois Press, Urbana, Illinois. ASIN: B003TS2DOQ
McDonnell, M. A. & Moses, A. D.; (2005): Raphael Lemkin As Historian of Genocide In the Americas; Journal of Genocide Research 7(4), December, 501 – 529. https://doi.org/10.1080/14623520500349951
INTRODUCTION
That Raphael Lemkin (1900–1959) was keenly interested in colonial genocides is virtually unknown. Most commonly, and erroneously, he is understood as coining the term genocide in the wake of the Holocaust of European Jewry in order to reflect its features as a state-organized and ideologically-driven program of mass murder.1 An inspection of his unpublished writings in New York and Cincinnati reveals that this is a gross distortion of his thinking.2 In fact, the intellectual breakthrough that led to the concept of genocide occurred well before the Holocaust. Already in the 1920s and early 1930s, he had begun formulating the concepts and laws that would culminate in his founding text, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe (1944), and in the United Nations convention on genocide four years later.3 It is a signal failure of genocide studies scholars in North America in particular, where the field has been primarily based until recently, that they have neglected his manuscripts sitting on their doorstep, preferring to regard themselves as fellow “pioneers of genocide studies,” although there is surely one pioneer, namely, Raphael Lemkin.4 Rather than investigate what he actually meant by the term and its place in world history, the field has rejected or misunderstood his complex definition and engaged instead in comparative study of twentieth century mass killing and totalitarianism, all the while claiming Lemkin as a legitimating authority.5 study of twentieth century mass killing and totalitarianism, totalitarianism, all the while claiming Lemkin as a legitimating authority.5
McDowell, William L., Jr. (Editor) 1970 Documents Relating to Indian Affairs, Colonial Records of South Carolina, Series 2: The Indian Books, Volume 3. University of South Carolina Press, Columbia, South Carolina. https://www.worldcat.org/title/documents-relating-to-indian-affairs-1754-1765/oclc/1392150
McEwan, Bonnie G. 1988 An Archaeological Perspective on Sixteenth Century Spanish Life in the Old World and the Americas. Doctoral dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville. University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, MI. https://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/AA/00/06/47/47/00001/AA00064747_00001.pdf
McEwan, B.G. The role of ceramics in Spain and Spanish America during the 16th century. Hist Arch 26, 92–108 (1992) doi:10.1007/BF03374164
ABSTRACT
Using archaeological and historical data, this study examines the various functions of ceramics in Spain during the 16th century and compares a ceramic assemblage from Seville to those from several contemporaneous New World Spanish colonies. The patterned differences between the ceramics recovered from the Old and New World sites are thought to reflect differences in the environment, economy, and demography of the various sites.
McEwan, Bonnie G. 2001 The Spiritual Conquest of La Florida. American Anthropologist, 103(3):633–644. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.2001.103.3.633 CrossRef Google Scholar
ABSTRACT
Spanish exploration and colonization of the New World has long been characterized as a quest for "Gold, Glory, and God." This article examines the last of these motives, the religious aspects of colonization, as revealed through seventeenth‐century mortuary remains and documentary evidence from the Spanish territory known as La Florida. Data suggest that these missionized native populations underwent religious transformations that resulted in a unique expression of Christianity incorporating both European and native elements. Related data indicate that while religious conversion may have had a lasting impact, other native social and political institutions remained largely intact during the mission period.
McLoughlin, W. (1975). Thomas Jefferson and the Beginning of Cherokee Nationalism, 1806 to 1809. The William and Mary Quarterly, 32(4), 548-580. doi:10.2307/1919554
McLoughlin, W. (1981). Cherokees and Methodists, 1824-1834. Church History, 50(1), 44-63. Retrieved January 20, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/3166479
McLoughlin, William G. “The Missionary Dilemma.” Canadian Review of American Studies. 1985. 16(4): 395-409. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/681908/pdf
In Lieu of Abstract
The dilemma of the missionary is not unlike that which Edmund S. Morgan defined as "the Puritan dilemma." Moreover, as Morgan also noted, "The central problem of Puritanism is the problem of every age," "It was the question of what responsibility a righteous man owes to society. If society followsa course that he considers morally wrong, should he withdraw and keep his principles intact, or should he stay.... Henry Thoreau did not hesitate to reject a society that made war with Mexico. William Lloyd Garrison called on the North to leave the Union in order to escape complicity with the sin of slaveholding. John Winthrop had another answer .... "1 Winthrop's answer to the dilemma was to struggle to the best of his ability to liveas a responsible citizen in a world full of sin, corruption and confusion. For Morgan, Winthrop was a model of responsible Christian citizenship. In one sense the missionary dilemma in early-nineteenth-century America was easier and, in another sense, harder than Winthrop's. It was easier because American missionaries lived in a freer country and most were confident that their country was already on the true path to the millennium; it was harder because they were not, as Winthrop was in Massachusetts Bay, actively directing the policies of their countries, but rather they were the passive recipients of national policies. American missionaries, especially if they lived in foreign countries which were within the sphere of American economic and political power, always ran the risk of becoming accessories of Canadian Review of American Studies, Volume 16, Number 4, Winter 1985,395-409 396 William G. McLaughlin that power. They have frequently been accused of being agents of American foreign policy. American political imperialism and American Christian imperialism are seen by some to go hand in hand. The missionary dilemma was, and in many respects still is, how to react to national policies which may be detrimental to the Christian goals of their mission. What choice should a missionary make when he (or she) conscientiously believes his government to be wrong in its foreign policy? Should he stand up and protest in the name of a higher law or should he somehow separate his mission of saving souls from his mission to "reform the world in the imageof God's holykingdom" (asMorgan saysPuritanism commanded John Winthrop to do [p. 81)?There used to be a very specific statement of this point in the Methodist Christ.ian Discipline: "As far as it respects civil affairs, we believe it the duty of Christians, and especially all Christian ministers, to be subject to the supreme authority of the country where they may reside, and to use all laudable means to enjoin obedience to the powers that be; and therefore, itis expected that all our preachers and people, who may be under any foreign government, will behave themselves as peaceable and orderly subjects."2 Consider that statement today in terms of a missionary to the Soviet Union or to El Salvador, Guatemala, Chile, Nicaragua or the Philippines. Or consider it in terms of a missionary in one of the Southern states about to secede from the Union in 1861,and you will understand the dilemma whichI have in mind. In short, is it possible or proper for a missionary to say, as one missionary whom I will discuss shortly said back in 1832:"As a missionary to the heathen, I feel that I have a right to be dead to the political world. That I have no call from the example of the Blessed Redeemer or his apostles to engage in political controversies or to speak evil of dignitaries." 3 Although this is a perennial problem for missionaries, I want to describe it in terms of nineteenth-century foreign missionaries. To give the dilemma a further turn of the screw, I shall draw my examples from the evangelical missionaries to the five major tribes of the Southeastern Indians in the United States between 1789and 1860.The Indian nations were considered a foreign mission field in those years because they had totally different cultures, they spoke foreign languages, and they dealt with the United States through treaties
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ABSTRACT
The development, florescence, and subsequent demise of an organizationally complex cultural system in the American Bottom, part of the central Mississippi River valley, spanned a little over half a millennium. Cahokia, the largest Precolumbian site in the United States, is located within this segment of fertile floodplain, as are many other subsidiary settlements that varied greatly in terms of their size, internal structure, and occupational histories. Numerous projects over the past 30 years have resulted in the rapid accumulation of considerable information and divergent interpretations about the nature of the societies represented archaeologically by a series of superimposed settlement systems.
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ABSTRACT
Archaeologists have been aware of the presence of a significant Fort Ancient occupation in southeastern Indiana since Warren K. Moorehead’s excavation of a burial mound in Ohio County in 1897. Investigations in Dearborn and Ohio counties by Glenn A. Black in the early 1930s confirmed the Fort Ancient affiliation of this site and made the archaeological community aware of such important villages as Haag, State Line, Guard, and Laughery Creek. Aside from excavations at Haag in the 1970s, professional investigations into the region’s Fort Ancient sites have been limited to surveys and small-scale cultural resource management mitigations. While Fort Ancient research has expanded rapidly in Kentucky and Ohio, our knowledge of comparable groups in southeastern Indiana has remained limited. The purpose of this paper is to summarize what information is available pertaining to non-Oliver Fort Ancient groups in southeastern Indiana as a means of facilitating future research into this important component of Indiana prehistory.
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INTRODUCTION
The major source of the vocabulary of the Mobilian trade language of the Southeast, according to Crawford's (1978) study, was some member of the Western branch of the Muskogean language family, whose modern representatives are Choctaw and Chickasaw; additional Mobilian words were derived from another Muskogean language, perhaps Alabama, and from other unrelated sources. It remains uncertain which Western Muskogean language contributed the bulk of Mobilian vocabulary, but new data not available to Crawford or to more recent studies such as those by Drechsel (e.g., 1981) show that the major source for Mobilian was probably neither Chickasaw nor any language sharing modern Chickasaw's lexical characteristics
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ABSTRACT
Following a careful study of selected American high school and college history textbooks, historian James Loewen concluded that Native Americans have been the most lied-about subset of our population. Even today, Loewen contends, textbook authors continue to rewrite history to comfort the descendants of "the settlers."2 For example, the belief persists that this country never really belonged to its Indian inhabitants, but that it was simply occupied by them. Although history textbooks no longer state this idea outright, Loewen found that most of those he surveyed still perpetuated it in several ways. Most of us have been conditioned to think of this country's early development in terms of a frontier, a line separating embryonic civilization from savage wilderness. Too, we are ingrained with a utilitarian model of the environment - the concept that unaltered landscape is inherently wasted Thus civilization in early America was anywhere white pioneers tamed nature, as when they converted swamps and forests to farms and villages. Attitudes toward Native Americans are even communicated through textbook showing early American settlements. These maps show towns, forts, farmland, and roads on the white side of the contact zone but nothing other river courses on the Indian side (even though the Indians, too, developed towns, forts, farmland, and roads.