Odium

1. The state or fact of being hated.

2. A state of disgrace, usually resulting from detestable conduct

3. Hatred or strong aversion accompanied by loathing or contempt.

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Book 11: The Cherokee and Their Chiefs, Stanley W. Hoig, University of Arkansas Press, 1998, ISBN1-55728-527-6

Page 15

During the English period, Chota and Tellico vied for supremacy; later the peace-minded full bloods of the Northern towns were challenged by the half-blood controlled Chickamaugan to the south.

Page 18

1721… There being no supreme head among the Cherokee, Nicolson appointed a Chef names Wrosetasaton as such.

Page 45

The Overhill settlements is by these two leaders divided into two factions, he observed between when there is often great animosity

Page 58

Henderson Treaty, 1775, Dragging Canoe was particularly incensed about the sale of Cherokee hunting ground. He angrily refused to sign.

Page 59

Attakullakulla and Oconastota were silent through the meeting and at the end refused to accept the war belts offered by the northern Indians. Nance Ward, too, remained unreceptive to the idea of going to war. But the fiery Dragging Canoe was joined by others war-ready young men in striking the village war pole. Among them were men such as Doublehead and John Watts, the brother and nephew of Old Tassel.

Page 60

1776, Desiring to protect those whites who had shown friendship for the Cherokee, Nancy Ward secretly divulged the war plans to some traders who were at Chota.

Page 63

Dragging Canoe, who now claimed that Oconostota had offered a reward to have him killed, was not one of those who signed. Declaring the older Chiefs to be nothing less that Virginians and rouges.

Page 64

At Talassee, they captured the baggage, letters, copies of treaties and other archives of the Nation belonging to Oconostota… In 1780, Campbell was visited in his camp by the famous Indian woman, Nancy Ward. Campbell later noted she gave us various intelligence, and make an overture in behalf of some of the Chiefs for peace.

Pages 64 – 65

Destruction of the Chickamaugan towns - plus his people’s suspicion that the towns were infested with witches – caused Dragging Canoe to move still farther down the Tennessee River and establish five new towns grouped about the northern end of Lookout Mountain, where present Tennessee, Alabama and Georgia, the site of present Chattanooga. These included the towns of Nickajack, Running Water, Lookout Town, Long Island and Crowtown.

Page 68

In August, 1786, Sevier, acting as Governor of Franklin, organized a militia force of 250 men under the command of Col. William Cocke and Alexander Outlaw. The militia marched to Coyatee, burned the Council house and destroyed the corn of those whom they believed were responsible for some recent depredation.

Page 70

At virtual gunpoint, they forced Tassel and Hanging Maw to sign the so-called ‘Treaty of Coyatee’.

Page 82

Col. James Roberson responded by threatening to invade the Cherokee country and sweep it clean of Cherokee blood.

Page 87

In Nashville, Robertson was still determined to punish the Cherokee partially for the Muscle Shoals attack and partially for horse thefts and other depredation. In September, he dispatched a force of 550 mounted infantry under the command of Col. Whitley to strike the Lower Towns. Nickajack and Running Water were destroyed and many of the inhabitants of the two towns were killed, among them Chief Breath and nineteen women and children were taken captive. Some 150 Cherokee homes were burned and the spoils were divided among the white militia.

Page 38

Gen. Robertson threatened that if the Lower Towns did not make peace, the white soldiers would stake them again.

Page 97

When the delegation (1808) suggested their Nation be divided into two tarts, Jefferson urged them to get together with the Lower Towns and send a delegation to Congress with authority to work out agreements.

Page 99

(1809) Nullifying any hope for equanimity

Page 167

The daily journal of missionary Daniel Butrick tells of a deaf and dumb man who was shot and killed when he failed to obey a soldiers command.

Page 169

Scavengers who scurried about looting the house, fields and even graves

Page 203

In the spring of 1846, President James Polk concluded that in order to arrest the horrid and inhuman massacre of the Cherokee, it would be necessary to separate them, each with its own government.

Book 12: Indian Removal, Grant Foreman, University of Oklahoma Press, 1932, ISBN 0- 8061-1172-0

Page 229

That no Indian or descendant of an Indian residing within the Creek or Cherokee Nation of Indians shall be deemed a competent witness in any court of this state to which a white person may be a party. June 10, 1830, the Governor of the State offered his proclamation.

Page 230

While President Jackson’s bill for the removal of the Indians was pending, Gov. George R. Gilmer of Georgia sent to the President his two proclamations and demands that the national government keep its promise contained in the Act of 1802, to remove the Indians from the state. He was seconded by Gov. William Carroll of Tennessee who offered to attempt the bribery of some influential Indians.

Page 231-232

In 1830, after the removal bill, the President warned the Indians that the Government was powerless to prevent the state of Georgia from exercising sovereignty over them and that if they insisted on remaining in the state, they did so at their peril, and that they need expect no help from him.

Page 233

President Jackson delivered to the Senate his Special Message. He frankly disclaimed an intention to enforce the treaties made by the government with these Indians for their protection. (February 15, 1831)

Book 13. Whiteaker, L. H. & Dickson, W. C. (2006), Tennessee State of the Nation, Cengage Learning, Mason, Ohio. ISBN-13 978-1-1334-4202-8. Page 3

TENNESSEE: THREE DIFFERENT DIVISIONS, ONE UNIQUE STATE

though they won the land, the price was high. They found their new home, as the Chickamauga Chief, Dragging Canoe, had warned they would, "a dark and bloody ground." As one Tennessee writer phrased it," every acre was paid for in drops of blood:' And when all the Indians were dead or ethnically cleansed as refugees to the West, the Tennesseans continued their competition, in other forms, among themselves. Their new rivals were the residents of the other Grand Divisions.

The separation of these areas has become firm and, at least until the present, eradicable, even by well-meaning leaders. In 1970, a West Tennessee candidate for the governor's office pledged to remove the divisions within the state. And after Winfield Dunn became governor, his first executive order was to change the interstate highway signs that welcomed travelers to "The Three States of Tennessee." New signs were erected, welcoming arrivals to "The State of Tennessee," now presumably cooperative and united. Yet when this governor left office after a generally recognized term off air and honest government, he was plagued by sectional troubles and his popularity was especially low in the two East Tennessee Congressional districts most vital to any Republican candidate-a situation that had been caused by disputes over the Morristown Prison, Highway 11 - West and the East Tennessee Medical School. Despite the best of intentions, Dunn, being a West Tennessean, did not fully understand the desire of East Tennesseans for preferential rather than merely fair treatment after having experienced fifty consecutive years of discrimination under Democratic gubernatorial administrations. He left office with the rival Grand Divisions as distinct in their original feelings as the three stars symbolizing them were in the state flag. And when Dunn later ran again for the same office, many of those who had so hopefully supported him in the1970 election voted instead for his Democratic opponent, Ned McWherter.

The three divisions of the state have developed over many years with differences of land, race, society and politics that could be described accurately only in a lengthy book. The following impressionistic summary, however, may provide some insight about them.

West Tennessee had the easiest birth of the Grand Divisions. It was occupied by settlers only after the Chickasaws were removed and the Indian wars were over. Settled rapidly by land speculators, an ambitious middle class and some already Wealthy planters, it soon became the plantation land of the state. Characterized by horizontal lines of landscape rather than the more vertical configuration of the east, it had room for large agricultural operations during the years when cotton was king. It had rich soil, numerous streams and a longer growing season.

Slavery, which had been introduced with the first settlements, grew and prospered. The African American population soon reached forty percent, compared with 25 percent in Middle Tennessee and only 8 percent in East Tennessee. One result has been a greater preoccupation with racial problems and relationship than is found elsewhere in the state. Continuing themes have been conflict, poverty and discrimination, followed after the end of segregation by increasing progress in economic opportunity and cooperation across racial lines.

There was also an imbalance in the distribution of population. West Tennessee came to be dominated by Memphis, the largest city in the state even before the Civil War.