Odium
1. The state or fact of being hated.
2. A state of disgrace, usually resulting from detestable conduct
3. Hatred or strong aversion accompanied by loathing or contempt.
Book 4: The Great Confusion in Indian Affairs, Tom Holm, 2005, University of Texas Press, ICBN:-*292-70688-X
Page 25
After their removal, The Cherokee fought a deadly civil war in which most of the leaders who signed the Removal Treaty were brutally executed for bowing to federal policy.
Book 5: A Law of Blood, John Phillip Reid, 2006, Northern Illinois University Press, ISBN: 13:978-0-87580-68-2
Pages 196-7
General James Robertson’s forces were able to inflict the last great defeat suffered by Cherokee: The destruction of the Chickamaugas at Nickajack in 1794, because they had as their guide through unknown country, a white boy who had been captured by the Chickamaugas and adopted by a Nickajack family.
Page 198 *
British warned Chickasaw that moving to the Cherokee would cost them their domestic law. “You may be sure whenever you leave your land and settle in other Nations, you will be no more a People. Besides you’ll lose your ancient rights and customs and be confined to comply with the laws and customs of other Nations whom you live amongst, who perhaps may use you hardly, and you will get no satisfaction.”
Book 6: Cherokee Voices, Vicki Rozema, John F. Blair, publisher, 2002, ISBN 0-89584-270
Page 34
Ostenaco, and many other Cherokee moved south and established the Lower Towns. These towns became home to a group of Disaffected Cherokee.
Page 64
April, 1779, a group of Virginia and North Carolina Volunteers ransacked and burned Chickamauga villages and carried off 20 thousand bushels of corn.
Page 63
Donelson journal, tells of his struggles to negotiate the river through territory controlled by Dragging Canoe’s Chickamaugans
Page 86
In 1792 and 1793, Chickamauga Cherokee made attacks on white settlements at the instigation of the Spanish
Page 88
November 1794, John Watts met Blount and reached a peace agreement… Chickamauga leader Doublehead would make a few more attacks on the whites.
Book 7: Social Order and Political Change, Duane Champagne, Stanford University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-0847-1995-0
Page 65
The Chickamauga Towns waged war independently against American settlers; the Cherokee National Council took no responsibility for Chickamauga actions and ceased to recognize the Chickamauga as part of the Cherokee Nation.
Page 77
Little Turkey denied the Chickamaugas’ participation in the National Council.
Page 79
Dragging Canoe, convinced Toski Etoka to join the Confederated Indian Nation that were in open conflict with the United States.
Page 93
Between 1795 and 1810, the Cherokee were not able to sustain political unity between the two major political cleavages that had emerged at the start of the American Revolutionary War.
Although the Nation was divided into Upper Towns and Lower Towns, these vaguely resembled the National division of the same description before 1750. The nucleus of the Lower Towns was the dissident Chickamauga villages.
Page 97
The lower Cherokee and Chickamauga Towns, which were closer to American settlements, were especially harassed and pressured into retreating farther and farther into the interior.
Page 178
When the Immigrant Cherokee arrived in the west, in present-day Oklahoma, they were officially welcome by the Old Settlers, the former Chickamauga and Lower Town dissidents who, despite criticism, had chosen to move west and did not invoke blood revenge.
Pages 181-182
Some of the discontented Old Settlers migrated to Texas, however, and another small group of Old Settlers discontent, along with Treaty Party, refused to submit to the new government. The Treaty Party insisted that the National Party had overthrown the Old Settler government by force, intimidation and sheer weight of numbers.
Page 181
Old Settlers were outspoken in their repudiation of the American-mediated unification of 1840. Appealing to the American government the Old Settlers asked for an independent government and a separate territory on grounds that they were victims of political oppression at the hands of the conservative National Party.
Book 8: Cherokee Cavaliers, Edward Dale and Gaston Litton, University of Oklahoma Press, 1995,ISBN 0-8061-2721-X
Page 17
Hermitage, October 5, 1839 Gentlemen:
My health will not allow me to visit Nashville today as I expected when you left me.
You will find enclosed the papers left with me and a letter to the President of the United States in as strong language in your behalf and that of your friends as the facts and outrageous and tyrannical conduct of John Ross and his self-created Council would authorize and I trust the President will not hesitate to employ all his rightful power to protect you and your party from the tyranny and murderous schemes of John Ross.
I hope peace and friendship among your whole People may be restored by peaceful and jut means. Should this not be the happy results then, when oppression comes and murder ensues, resistance becomes a duty and let the armor of fierce men by the tyrant low and give justice and iff the murder of the two Ridges and Boudenot are not surrendered and punished and security for the future guaranteed, then and not until then will the great and good spirit smile upon your expectations by force to obtain justice by freeing yourselves and people from oppressors.
I Remain Respectfully Yours, Andrew Jackson
Book 9: Tennessee Blue Book 2015-2016, Tre Hargett, Secretary of State
Page 510
Despite the government prohibition, settlers continually squatted on Indian land… By 1793, it seemed questionable whether these communities could withstand the Indian onslaught.
Exasperated by the unwillingness of the Federal Government to protect then, the Cumberland militia took matters into their own hands. James Roberson organized a force that invaded the Chickamauga country, burned the renegade Lower Towns and eliminated the threat from that .
Book 10: Cherokee Renascence in the New Republic, William G. McLoughlin, Princeton University Press, 1986, ISBN 0-691-00627-X
Page 20
A group of the intransigent Chiefs led by Dragging Canoe, The Glass, Bloody Fellow, Tolluntuskee, Fod Charles, The Badger, Will Webber, Will Elders, Doublehead, Punkin Boy, Unacata, and John Watts gathered together the warriors who were still willing to fight and the displaced families from the eastern part of the Nation. They moved to the far southeastern area of the Nation on land shared with the Creek and Chickasaw. Here they founded a series of new towns along the Tennessee River between Chickamauga and Mussel Shoals mostly in what is now northern Alabama They were called the Chickamauga or Lower Towns.
Page 25
A series of destructive attacks upon the Lower Towns by Col. James Ore of Tennessee.
Page 41
Gov. Blount, Shaw’s superior, convinced the President that matters were best left in the hands of frontier militia, who were experienced in Indian fighters. Shaw discovered that Blount was heavily engaged in land speculation and was hoping that the defeat of the Cherokee guerrillas would force further land cessions from which he expected to profit. Blount and his friends were already profiting from the land ceded at Holston in 1791.
Page 48
The hatred frontier whites had developed for Indians during the war years was now tinged with contempt. The frontiersmen considered the Indians to be either simple, backward, ignorant, and lazy or else untrustworthy, wily, volatile, and thieving. A drunken Indian was considered prone to violence and a poor Indian prone to lying, begging and stealing. Many eastern visitors noted that frontier whites thought of Indians as little better than animals and were ready to rid the country of them as they were to wipe out bears and wolves. The terms ‘barbarian, savage, and heathen’ were meant to convey the opposite of civilized Christian and rational.
Page 49
April 21, 1802 White horse thieves named Richard and Irwin took a horse from a Cherokee and “put two bullets threw his head”… Since there were no witnesses, the State of Tennessee would not proceed in the case.
Page 52
In 1813, Col. Meigs prosecuted four separate cases against whites for the murder of Cherokee. “All” he reported failed of producing punishment. A second reason preventing the conviction of whites was that western and southern state courts would not allow Indians to testify as witnesses.
Page 80
Treaty of October, 1798, that it would make no further demands upon them; in its treaty of 1791, the Government had solemnly agreed to guarantee their present border forever.
Page 82
These gentlemen of Tennessee will listen well for the State of Tennessee, like the State of Georgia, had not kept the talk of the Government. (September, 1801)
Page 93
For years, Meigs told the Cherokee to give up hunting which is only a nursery of savage habits.
Page 97
The Government was aware of these overlapping claims. After investigation, it concluded that no one Nation had clear title… The Secretary of War wrote to Meigs (as he had written to the Federal Agents in the other tribes) warning that a combination of Indian Nations was being formed in the south – a general confederacy for preventing any particular Nation from disposing of their lands without the consent of the whole of the Nation combined. Dearborn instructed Meigs to use every prudent measure in you power to prevent it.
Page 98
Meigs was so upset by the thought that the Indians might sabotage the Government’s benevolent policy that he began to take the same view of the Indians that the frontiersmen had, namely that Indian Nations had no real sovereignty over their land and no right to say no to the IMPERIAL demands of the conquerors. “If neither [the Cherokee nor the Chickasaw] have the right to sell, the right lies in the United States who have the most indisputable title, a title acquired in a just and necessary war.” This enable … the Indians to have boundaries against intrusion. These boundaries were never meant to give them “absolute right to the soil” he told Dearborn.
Page 121
Meigs thought civil war might take place in the Nation; he wrote to Governor Sevier of Tennessee to ask him to be prepared to send the state militia to suppress it. Sevier agreed, but the crisis passed. (letter from J. Meigs to Henry Dearborn, September 10, 1808)
Page 131
In effect they wanted the Upper Towns to become a separate Cherokee Nation under the laws of the United States, somewhat like a western territory prior to statehood, because few of them knew how to read or write English, they could not become individual citizens of Tennessee.
Page 154
Thousands of whites began to move onto the Cherokee land in Tennessee and Georgia, expecting to squat there and establish preemption rights.(1809)
Page 155
Turtle At Home wrote to Meigs on October 1, 1809, thanking him for sending soldiers to remove squatters near his town of Nickajack,Tennessee.
Page 163
Cherokee citizenship was no longer to be based simply on kinship, language, or adherence to the traditional ethnic heritage henceforth it was defined in terms of living within the boundaries of the homeland.
Page 183
The sacred town of Tougaloo in South Carolina. Tougaloo was the first place which God created and whence he placed the first fire for man.
Page 189
The general anti-Indian hysteria among western whites worried Meigs. He believed the frontiersmen were itching for and excuse to start a war with the Cherokee, Chickasaw and Creek because “they wish for a pretext to drive them off their land.” (1812)
Page 195
In June, 1814, Meigs writes to the Secretary of war that he was truly shocked at the amount of callous devastation of Cherokee property caused by the rude part of our armies on their marches to and from Creek Nation. He placed the blame chiefly upon the rank-and-file militia from East Tennessee and attributed it to prejudice against all Indians.