A Partial Bibliography of our Research
Introduction to Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing Research
A. A. Cave, ‘Richard Hakluyt’s Savages: The Influence of 16th Century Travel Narratives on English Indian Policy in North America’, International Social Science Review, 60 (1985), 3–24.Google Scholar
A. A. Cave, ‘The Pequot Invasion of Southern New England: A Reassessment of the Evidence’, New England Quarterly, 62 (1989), 27–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar The most thorough exposition of an economic interpretation of the Pequot War is F. P. Jennings, The Invasion of America: Indians, Colonialism and the Cant of Conquest (New York: Norton, 1976), pp. 177–227.Google Scholar For the argument that Puritan ideology and cultural misunderstandings were major causative factors in the war, see A. A. Cave, The Pequot War (Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 1996).Google Scholar See, for example, Chalk and Jonassohn, The History and Sociology of Genocide, pp. xiv, 36; Nash, Red, White and Black, pp. 99–102; R. Drinnon, Facing West: The Metaphysics of Indian Hating and Empire Building (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1980), pp. 40–5Google Scholar
A. C. Isenberg, The Destruction of the Bison (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).CrossRefGoogle Scholar Quotations from E. A. Fenn, ‘Biological Warfare in Eastern North America’, Journal of American History, 86 (2000), 1154–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
A. L. Hurtado, Indian Survival on the California Frontier (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1988).Google Scholar
A. T. Vaughan, ‘The Expulsion of the “Salvages”: English Policy and the Virginia Massacre of 1622’, William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd series, 35 (1972), 57–89CrossRefGoogle Scholar
A. T. Vaughan, New England Frontier: Puritans and Indians, 1620–1675 (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1965), pp. 93–154.Google Scholar The notions of the Pequots as aggressive invaders of southern New England and of their terrorization of the indigenous tribes there are challenged in N. Salisbury, Manitou and Providence: Indians, European and the Making of New England, 1500–1675 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), pp. 93–154Google Scholar
Alverez, A.; Governments, Citizens, and Genocide; Indiana University Press; ISBN-10: 0253108489, ISBN-13: 978-0253108487
Anderson, G. C.; The Native Peoples of the American West: Genocide or Ethnic Cleansing; Western Historical Quarterly, Volume 47, Issue 4, Winter 2016, Pages 407–434, https://doi.org/10.1093/whq/whw126
Andrea Smith (1999) Sexual Violence and American Indian Genocide, Journal of Religion & Abuse, 1:2, 31-52, DOI: 10.1300/J154v01n02_04
B. A. Mann, George Washington’s War on Native America (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2005).Google Scholar
B. Church, History of the Eastern Expeditions of 1689, 1690, and 1692 (Boston: Waggins and W. P. Lunt, 1867), pp. 11–12.Google Scholar
B. Manz, Refugees of a Hidden War: The Aftermath of Counterinsurgency in Guatemala (Albany, NY: State University Press of New York, 1988)Google Scholar
Barbara Perry (2002) From ethnocide to ethnoviolence: Layers of native American victimization, Contemporary Justice Review, 5:3, 231-247, DOI: 10.1080/10282580213090
Barbara Perry (2009) ‘There’s just places ya’ don’t wanna go’: the segregating impact of hate crime against Native Americans, Contemporary Justice Review, 12:4, 401-418, DOI: 10.1080/10282580903342888
Basso, Andrew R. (2016) "Towards a Theory of Displacement Atrocities: The Cherokee Trail of Tears, The Herero Genocide, and ThePontic Greek Genocide,"Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal: Vol. 10: Iss. 1: 5-29.DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1911-9933.10.1.1297
Bergmann, M. S., and Jucovy, M. E. (Eds.) (1990). Generations of the Holocaust. New York: Columbia University Press. (Originally published 1982 )Google Scholar
Bhabha, H. (1983). The other question: The stereotype and colonial discourse. Screen, 24, 6–23.Google Scholar
Bird, M. (2004). Cowboys and Indians: Toys of Genocide, Icons of American Colonialism. Wicazo Sa Review, 19(2), 33-48. Retrieved from www.jstor.org/stable/1409497
Bowes, J.P. (2017). [Review of the book Rivers of Sand: Creek Indian Emigration, Relocation, and Ethnic Cleansing in the American South, by Christopher D. Haveman]. Journal of Southern History 83(1), 164-165. doi:10.1353/soh.2017.0021.
Brave Heart, M. Y. H. (in press a). The return to the sacred path: Healing the historical trauma and historical unresolved grief response among the Lakota. Smith College Studies in Social Work,June 1998.Google Scholar
Brave Heart, M. Y. H. (in press b). Gender differences in the historical trauma response among the Lakota. Journal of Health and Social Policy.Google Scholar
Brave Heart, M. Y. H. (in press c). Oyate Ptayela: Rebuilding the Lakota Nation through addressing historical trauma among Lakota parents. Journal of Human Behavior and the Social Environment.Google Scholar
Brave Heart, M. Y. H., and DeBruyn, L. M. (in press). The American Indian Holocaust: Healing historical unresolved grief. National Center for American Indian and Alaska Native Research.Google Scholar
Brave Heart-Jordan, M. Y. H. (1995). The return to the Sacred Path: Healing, from historical trauma and historical unresolved grief among the Lakota. Doctoral dissertation Smith College, School for Social Work, Northampton, Massachusetts. (Copies are available through the Takini Network, c/o the author, University of Denver Graduate School of Social Work, 2148 S. High Street, Denver, CO 80208.)Google Scholar
Brave Heart-Jordan, M., and DeBruyn, L. M. (1995). So she may walk in balance: Integrating the impact of historical trauma in the treatment of Native American Indian women. In J. Adleman and G. Enguidanos (Eds.), Racism in the lives of women: Testimony, theory, and guides to anti-racist practice (pp. 345–368 ). New York: Haworth Press.Google Scholar
Brown, D. (1971). Bury my heart at Wounded Knee. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.Google Scholar
C. E. Carter, ed., Correspondence of General Thomas Gage with the Secretaries of State 1763–75, 2 vols. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1931), vol. I, p. 152.Google Scholar
C. Orr, ed., History of the Pequot War: The Contemporary Accounts of Mason, Underhill, Vincent and Gardiner (Cleveland, OH: Helman-Taylor, 1897), p. 81.Google Scholar See R. Lemkin, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe (Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1944).Google Scholar
C. Smith, Guatemalan Indians and the State, 1540 to 1988 (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1990)Google Scholar
Captain Nathaniel Lyon, quoted in C. E. Trafzer and J. Hyer, eds, Exterminate Them! Written Accounts of the Murder, Rape and Enslavement of Native Americans During the California Gold Rush (East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press, 1999), p. 18.Google Scholar
Carson, J. (2008). “The Obituary of Nations”: Ethnic Cleansing, Memory, and the Origins of the Old South. Southern Cultures, 14(4), 6-31. Retrieved from www.jstor.org/stable/26391777
Cave A.A. (2008) Genocide in the Americas. In: Stone D. (eds) The Historiography of Genocide. Palgrave Macmillan, London; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230297784_11
Churchill, A Little Matter of Genocide, p. 187; L. Carranco and E. Beard, Genocide and Vendetta: The Round Valley War of Northern California (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1981).Google Scholar
Claymore, B. (1988). A public health approach to suicide attempts on a Sioux reservation. American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research, 1 (3), 19–24.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Curry, A. (1972). Bringing of forms, Colorado Springs, CO: Dustbooks. Distributed by Seventh-Wing Publications.Google Scholar
D. E. Stannard, American Holocaust: The Conquest of the New World (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), p. xii.Google Scholar
D. Gookin, ‘An Historical Account of the Doings and Sufferings of the Christian Indians in New England, in the Years 1675, 1676, 1677’, Transactions and Collections of the American Antiquarian Society, 2 (1836), 419–534.Google Scholar
D. H. King and E. R. Evans, eds, ‘Memoirs of the Grant Expedition Against the Cherokees in 1761’, Journal of Cherokee Studies, 2 (1977), 271–336.Google Scholar
D. Svali, Sand Creek and the Rhetoric of Extermination: A Case Study in Indian White Relations (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1989), pp. 187–9.Google Scholar Quoted in T. G. Dyer, Theodore Roosevelt and the Idea of Race (Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press), p. 79.Google Scholar The most authoritative and balanced study is S. Hoig, The Sand Creek Massacre (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1961).Google Scholar
Damien Short (2010) Cultural genocide and indigenous peoples: a sociological approach, The International Journal of Human Rights, 14:6, 833-848, DOI: 10.1080/13642987.2010.512126
Danieli, Y. (1985). The treatment and prevention of long-term effects and intergenerational transmission of victimization: A lesson from Holocaust survivors and their children. In C. R. Figley (Ed.), Trauma and its wake (pp. 295–313 ). New York: Brunner/Mazel.Google Scholar
Danieli, Y. (1989). Mourning in survivors and children of survivors of the Nazi Holocaust: The role of group and community modalities. In D. R. Dietrich and P. C. Shabad (Eds.), The problems of loss and mourning: Psychoanalytic perspectives (pp. 427–457 ). Madison, CT: International Universities Press.Google Scholar
Danieli, Y. (1993). Diagnostic and therapeutic use of the multigenerational family tree in working with survivors of the Nazi Holocaust. In P. W. Wilson and B. Raphael (Eds.), International handbook of traumatic stress syndromes (pp. 889–898 ). New York: Plenum Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DAVIS, D. (2000). EDITORIAL: Confronting Ethnic Cleansing in the Twenty-first Century. Journal of Church and State, 42(4), 693-701. Retrieved from www.jstor.org/stable/23920190
Deloria, V. and Lytle, C. M. (1983). American Indians, American justice. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Donna M. Grandbois & Gregory F. Sanders (2009) The Resilience of Native American Elders, Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 30:9, 569-580, DOI: 10.1080/01612840902916151
Dudley, M. Q. (2017). A Library Matter of Genocide: The Library of Congress and the Historiography of the Native American Holocaust. The International Indigenous Policy Journal, 8(2) . Retrieved from: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/iipj/vol8/iss2/9; DOI: 10.18584/iipj.2017.8.2.9
Duran, E. E, and Duran, B. M. (1995). Native American postcolonial psychology. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Duran, E. F. (1990). Transforming the soul wound: A theoretical/clinical approach to American Indian psychology. Berkeley, CA: Folklore Institute.Google Scholar
E. Johnson, Johnson’s Wonder-Working Providence, ed. J. F. Jameson (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1910), pp. 41, 48–9, 79–80.Google Scholar
E. Lazarus, Black Hills, White Justice (New York: Harper Collins, 1991), p. 29.Google Scholar
E. Winslow, ‘Good Newes from New England’, [1624] in The Story of the Pilgrim Fathers, ed. E. Arber (New York: Kraus Reprint, 1969), pp. 513–14.Google Scholar
Erikson, E. (1950). Childhood and society. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
F. Anderson, Crucible of War (New York: Alfred K. Knopf, 2000), pp. 457–71.Google Scholar
F. Chalk and K. Jonassohn, The History and Sociology of Genocide (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990), p. 28.Google Scholar The quotations above are from Richard Eden’s 1555 translation reprinted in E. Arber, ed. The First Three English Books on America (New York: Kraus Reprint Company, 1971), pp. 70–1.Google Scholar For the complete text in a modern translation, see F. A. McNutt, trans., De Orbe Novo: The Eight Decades of Peter Martyr D’Anghera, 2 vols. (New York: G. P. Putnams’s Sons, 1912.)Google Scholar For a corrective to the once fashionable view that Peter Martyr anticipated the eighteenth-century cult of the Noble savage, see A. Pagden, The Fall of Natural Man: The American Indian and the Origins of Comparative Ethnology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982), pp. 24, 52.Google Scholar See C. Gibson, The Black Legend: Anti-Spanish Attitudes in the Old World and the New (New York: Alfred K. Knopf, 1971)Google Scholar
F. Parkman, France and England in North America, ed. D. Levin (New York: Viking, The Library of America, 1983), vol. I, p. 1084.Google Scholar
F. W. Gleach, Powhatan’s World and Colonial Virginia (Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press, 1997), pp. 148–73Google Scholar
Fogelman, E. (1988). Therapeutic alternatives of survivors. In R. L. Braham (Ed.), The psychological perspectives of the Holocaust and of its aftermath (pp. 79–108 ). New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Fogelman, E. (1991). Mourning without graves. In A. Medvene (Ed.), Storms and rainbows: The many faces of death (pp. 25–43 ). Washington, DC: Lewis Press.Google Scholar
Foucault, M. (1967). Madness and civilization. London: Tavistock.Google Scholar
Freeman, M. (1995). Puritans and Pequots: The Question of Genocide. The New England Quarterly, 68(2), 278-293. doi:10.2307/366259
Freire, P. (1968). Pedagogy of the oppressed. New York: Seabury Press.Google Scholar
G. B. Nash, Red, White and Black: The Peoples of Early North America, 4th edn (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2000), p. 73.Google Scholar For a detailed analysis of tribal relations in early colonial Virginia, see J. F. Fausz, The Powhatan Uprising of 1622: A Historical Study of Ethnocentricism and Cultural Conflict (Ph.D. dissertation, College of William and Mary, 1977). Also of value, and more accessible, are Fausz’s articles, including ‘The Barbarous Massacre Remembered: Powhatan’s Uprising of 1622 and the Historians’, Explorations in Ethnic Studies, 1 (1978), 16–36;’Profits, Pelts and Power: English Culture in the Early Chesapeake, 1620–1662’, Maryland Historian, 4 (1983), 15–30; ‘Patterns of American Aggression and Accommodation Along the Mid-Atlantic Coast’, in Cultures in Contact: The Impact of European Contacts on Native American Cultural Institutions AD 1000–1800, ed. W. W. Fitzhugh (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian, 1985), pp. 225–68.Google Scholar
G. E. Dowd, War Under Heaven: Pontiac, the Indian Nations, and the British Empire (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002), p. 190.Google Scholar
G. Grandin, ‘History, Motive, Law, Intent: Combining Historical and Legal Methods in Understanding Guatemala’s 1981–1983 Genocide’, in The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective, eds, R. Gellately and B. Kiernan (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), pp. 339–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar On other regions in Latin America, S. Davis, Victims of the Miracle: Development and the Indians of Brazil (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977)Google Scholar
G. Lovell, A Beauty that Hurts: Life and Death in Guatemala (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 2000)Google Scholar
George Abbot, A Briefe Description of the Whole World [1589] (London: William Sheares, 1634).Google Scholar
Governor John Penn to Thomas Penn, September 12, 1766, quoted in N. B. Wainright, George Croghan: Wilderness Diplomat (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1959), p. 232.Google Scholar
Guenter Lewy (2007) Can there be genocide without the intent to commit genocide?, Journal of Genocide Research, 9:4, 661-674, DOI: 10.1080/14623520701644457
H. Zinn, A People’s History of the United States (New York: HarperCollins, 2003), pp. 14–15.Google Scholar
Indian Health Service Report. ( 1991, December). A roundtable conference on dysfunctional behavior and its impact on Indian health. Final Report. Albuquerque, NM and Washington, DC: Kauffman.Google Scholar
Indian Health Service. (1987). Chart series book. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human ServicesGoogle Scholar
J. Axtell, Beyond 1492: Encounters in Colonial America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), pp. 261–2.Google Scholar
J. G. Varnar and J. J. Varner, The Dogs of Conquest (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1983) provide evidence of the extensive use of ‘dogging’.Google Scholar
J. Smith, A Map of Virginia [1612], reprinted in P. Barber, ed., The Jamestown Voyages under the First Charter, 1606–1609 (London: The Hakluyt Society, 1969), vol. II, pp. 354, 364, 372Google Scholar
Jacobs. (1972). Dispossessing the American Indian: Indians and whites on the colonial frontier. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar
Jaimes, M. A., Hu-DeHart, E, Wunder, D.; (1999) The State of Native America: Genocide, Colonization, and Resistance (Race and Resistance); South End Press; ISBN-10: 0896084248, ISBN-13: 978-0896084247
Jucovy, M. (1992). Psychoanalytic contributions to Holocaust studies. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 73, 267–282.PubMedGoogle Scholar
Kehoe, A. B. (1989). The Ghost Dance: Ethnohistory and revitalization. Fort Worth, TX: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.Google Scholar
Kestenberg, J. S. (1990). A metapsychological assessment based on an analysis of a survivor’s child. In M. S. Bergmann and M. E. Jucovy (Eds.), Generations of the Holocaust (pp. 137–158 ). New York: Columbia University Press. (Original publication 1982 )Google Scholar
Koller, P., Marmar, C. R., and Kansas, N. (1992). Psychodynamic group treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 42 (2), 225–246.PubMedGoogle Scholar
Krugman, S. (1987). Trauma in the family: Perspectives on the intergenerational transmission of violence. In B. A. van der Kolk (Ed.), Psychological trauma (pp. 127–151 ). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association Press.Google Scholar
Krystal, H. (1984). Integration and self-healing in post-traumatic states. In S. A. Luel and P. Marcus (Eds.), Psychoanalytic reflections on the Holocaust: Selected essays (pp. 113–134 ). New York: Holocaust Awareness Institute, Center for Judaic Studies, University of Denver and Ktav Publishing House.Google Scholar
Legters, L. H. (1988). The American genocide. Policy Studies Journal, 16 (4), 768–777.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Legters, Lyman H.; The American Genocide; Policy Studies Journal; Urbana, Ill. Vol. 16, Iss. 4, (Summer 1988): 768.
Lifton, R. J. (1988). Understanding the traumatized self: Imagery, symbolization, and transformation. In J. P. Wilson, Z. Harel, and B. Kahana (Eds.), Human adaptation to extreme stress: From the Holocaust to Vietnam (pp. 7–31 ). New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Limmerick, P. N. (1987). The legacy of conquest: The unbroken past of the American West. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Lindsey Kingston (2015) The Destruction of Identity: Cultural Genocide and Indigenous Peoples, Journal of Human Rights, 14:1, 63-83, DOI: 10.1080/14754835.2014.886951
Lopenzina, Drew. Review of Our Fire Survives the Storm: A Cherokee Literary History, and: The Truth about Stories: A Native Narrative. The American Indian Quarterly, vol. 32 no. 3, 2008, p. 356-359. Project MUSE, doi:10.1353/aiq.0.0005.
MacAndrews, C., and Edgerton, R. (1969). Drunken comportment: A social explanation. Chicago: Aldine.Google Scholar
Macgregor, G. (1975). Warriors without weapons. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ( Original published 1946 )Google Scholar
Marcus, P., and Rosenberg, A. (1988). A philosophical critique of the “Survivor Syndrome” and some implications for treatment. In R. L. Braham (Ed.), The psychological perspectives of the Holocaust and of its aftermath (pp. 53–78 ). New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Niehardt. (1959). Black Elk speaks. New York: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
Parins, James W.; The Cherokee Trail of Tears; Great Plains Quarterly; Lincoln Vol. 28, Iss. 4, (Fall 2008): 325-326.
Patrick Wolfe (2006) Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native, Journal of Genocide Research, 8:4, 387-409, DOI: 10.1080/14623520601056240
Patrick Wolfe (2011) After the Frontier: Separation and Absorption in US Indian Policy, Settler Colonial Studies, 1:1, 13-51, DOI: 10.1080/2201473X.2011.10648800
Pearce, R. H. (1988). Savagism and civilization: A study of the Indian and the American mind. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Prucha, F. P. (1990). Documents of the United States Indian policy ( 2nd Ed. Expanded). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. (Original publication 1975 )Google Scholar
Public Health Service, IHS, Office of Planning and Evaluation and Legislation, Division of program statistics. Indian Health Service. (1995). Trends in Indian health. Washington, DC: Department of Health and Human Services.Google Scholar
R. Arens, ed., Genocide in Paraguay (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1976).Google Scholar
R. D. Karr, ‘“Why Should You be So Furious?” The Violence of the Pequot War’, Journal of American History, 85 (1988), 876–909 provides a useful comparative analysis that demonstrates that the slaughter of non-combatants and the killing of prisoners of war was not uncommon in European conflicts in which one side, or both, viewed the other as less than a legitimate belligerent. However, he sidesteps the genocide issue. The burden of his argument appears to be that Indians were not victims of genocide.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
R. Downes, Council Fires on the Upper Ohio (Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1940), pp. 139–40.Google Scholar
R. F. Heizer, ed., The Destruction of the California Indians (Santa Barbara, CA: Peregrine Smith, 1974)Google Scholar
R. Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations, Votages, Traffiques and Discoveries of the English Nation [1600] (Glasgow: J. MacLeose and Sons, 1908), vol. 8, pp. 374–83.Google Scholar
R. Thornton, American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History since 1492 (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1987), p. 23.Google Scholar
R. Thornton, ed., Studying Native America (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1998).Google Scholar The historiography of contemporary genocides in Latin America is in its formative stages. Probably the most thorough to date exposes the systematic murder of indigenous peoples by the Guatemalan military dictatorship in the early 1980s. See R. Carmack, Harvest of Violence: The Mayan Indians and the Guatemalan Crisis (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1990)Google Scholar
Rensink, Brenden, "Genocide of Native Americans: Historical Facts and Historiographic Debates" (2011). Dissertations, Theses, & Student Research, Department of History. 34. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/historydiss/34
Report to Congress. (1992). National Indian Policy Center: Reporting to Congress, Recommendation for the establishment of a National Indian Policy Center. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
S. Brumwell, White Devil: A True Story of War, Savagery, and Vengeance in Colonial America (New York: Da Capo Press, 2004). Brumwell, drawing on Indian oral histories, concludes Rogers greatly exaggerated the number he killed at St. Francis. It tells us much about his mindset that he would do so.Google Scholar Quoted in G. B. Nash, The Unknown American Revolution (New York: Viking, 2005), p. 351.Google Scholar
S. M. Kingsbury, ed., The Records of the Virginia Company of London (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1905–35), vol. III, p. 672.Google Scholar
S. T. Katz, ‘The Pequot War Reconsidered’, The New England Quarterly, 64 (1991), 206–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar Katz’s arguments were challenged in M. Freeman, ‘Puritans and Pequots: The Question of Genocide’, The New England Quarterly, 68 (1995), 278–93. Freeman argued that the Pequot War was one of the many cases in which nation-destruction was part of the process of nation building, a process he regarded as inherently genocidal.CrossRefGoogle Scholar See also S. T. Katz, ‘Pequots and the Question of Genocide: A Reply to Michael Freeman’, The New England Quarterly, 69 (1995), 641–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
S. T. Katz, ‘The Uniqueness of the Holocaust: The Historical Dimension’, in Is the Holocaust Unique? Perspectives on Comparative Genocide, ed. A. S. Rosenbaum (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2001), p. 49. See also D. Lipstadt, Denying the Holocaust: The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory (New York, Free Press, 1993). Some Holocaust scholars, however, follow Yehuda Bauer in drawing a distinction between the Jewish Holocaust, which they argue was unique, and other instances of genocide, including Nazi killings of members of other ethnic groups. Google Scholar See Bauer, ‘The Place of the Holocaust in Contemporary History’, in Studies in Contemporary Jewry, vol. 1, ed. J. Frankel (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1984), pp. 213–14.Google Scholar Of the many theoretical redefinitions in the literature on genocide, this writer follows most closely the work of Leo Kuper, who, although recognizing shortcomings in the United Nations convention, works within its parameters because of its standing international law. See, in particular, Kuper’s Genocide: Its Political Use in the Twentieth Century (New York: Penguin, 1981).Google Scholar
Sarah Maddison (2013) Indigenous identity, ‘authenticity’ and the structural violence of settler colonialism, Identities, 20:3, 288-303, DOI: 10.1080/1070289X.2013.806267
Shoshan, T. (1989). Mourning and longing from generation to generation. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 43 (2), 193–207.PubMedGoogle Scholar
Sir Walter Raleigh, Works, (Oxford: The University Press, 1829), vol. 4, pp. 693–4.Google Scholar
Solomon, Z., Kotler, M., and Mikulincer, M. (1988). Combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder among second-generation Holocaust survivors: Preliminary findings. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145 (7), 865–868.PubMedGoogle Scholar
Stannard, D. (1992). American Holocaust: Columbus and the conquest of the New World. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sue Grand (2018) The Other Within: White Shame, Native-American Genocide, Contemporary Psychoanalysis, 54:1, 84-102, DOI: 10.1080/00107530.2017.1415106
T. Barta, ‘Relations of Genocide: Land and Lives in the Colonization of Australia’, in Genocide and the Modern Age: Etiology and Case Studies of Mass Death, eds, I. Wallimann and M. N. Dobkowski, 2nd edn (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2000), p. 239.Google Scholar Scalping was a war practice employed by some, but by no means all, pre-Columbian Americans. Where it was found, it operated largely as a quasi-religious ritual intended, not only to terrorize the enemy, but also to appropriate the strength and power of the fallen warrior. Scalps were given places of honour in Indian villages and sometimes formally adopted into the tribe. See J. Axtell, ‘The Unkindest Cut, or Who Invented Scalping? A Case Study’, and ‘Scalping: The Ethnohistory of a Moral Question’, in The European and the Indian: Essays in the Ethnohistory of Colonial America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981), pp. 16–38 and 205–44.Google Scholar
T. Todorov, in The Conquest of America: The Question of the Other [1984] (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1999), pp. 133–8.Google Scholar For the full text in English translation, see T. Motolinia, History of the Indians of New Spain (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1973).Google Scholar
Talbot, S. (2006). Spiritual Genocide: The Denial of American Indian Religious Freedom, from Conquest to 1934. Wicazo Sa Review, 21(2), 7-39. Retrieved from www.jstor.org/stable/4140266
Tanner, H. (1982). A history of all the dealings of the United States government with the Sioux. Unpublished manuscript. Prepared for the Black Hills Land Claim by order of the U.S. Supreme court, on file at the D’Arcy McNickle Center for the History of the American Indian, Newberry Library, Chicago.Google Scholar
Thomas Barten, quoted in C. Van Doren and J. P. Boyd, Indian Treaties Presented by Benjamin Franklin, (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1938), pp. lxxxi–ii.Google Scholar
Thornton, R. (1987). American Indian holocaust and survival: A population history since 1942. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar
V. Sanford, Buried Secrets: Truth and Human Rights in Guatemala (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van der Kolk, B. A. (Ed.) (1987). Psychological trauma. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.Google Scholar
Villanueva, M. (1989). Literature review. In E. Duran (Ed.), Suicide handbook: Prevention and intervention with Native Americans (pp. 13–36 ). Sacramento, CA: Indian Health Service.Google Scholar
W. Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation, ed. S. E. Morison (New York: Knopf, 1976), p. 84.Google Scholar
W. Churchill, A Little Matter of Genocide: Holocaust and Denial in the Americas 1492 to the Present (San Francisco, CA: City Lights Books, 1997), p. 4.Google Scholar Quoted in M. A. Jaimes, ‘Sand Creek: The Morning After’, The State of Native America: Genocide, Colonization and Resistance, ed. M. A. Jaimes (Boston, MA: South End Press, 1992), p. 3. Jaimes concurred, declaring ‘the U.S. destruction of its indigenous population resembled the campaigns of Nazi Germany’ far more closely than more recent genocides in places such as Cambodia. ‘The Third Reich and the United States did what they did for virtually identical reasons.’ Most other cases, she concluded, ‘deviate significantly in motivation if not in method’.Google Scholar
W. E. Washburn, The Governor and the Rebel: A History of Bacon’s Rebellion in Virginia (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1957).Google Scholar
W. F. Craven, ‘Indian Policy in Early Virginia’, William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd series, 1 (1944), 65–82CrossRefGoogle Scholar
W. H. Harrison, ‘Message to the Legislature, 17 May 1807’, in Messages and Letters of William Henry Harrison, ed. L. Esarey, 2 vols. (Indianapolis, IN: Indiana State Historical Society, 1922), vol. I, pp. 233–4.Google Scholar Quoted in S. E. Miller, An Ohio River Boundary? The Contested Ohio Country 1783–1795 (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Toledo, 2006), p. 80.Google Scholar Quoted in B. Madley, ‘Patterns of Frontier Genocide 1803–1910: the Aboriginal Tasmanians, the Yuki of California and the Herero of Namibia’, Journal of Genocide Research, 6 (2004), 167–92.CrossRef Google Scholar On genocide in California after 1848, see, in addition to Trafzer and Hyer, eds, Exterminate Them! and Carranco and Beard, Genocide and Vendetta, the following: S. F. Cook, The Conflict between the California Indian and White Civilization (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1976)Google Scholar
W. R. Dunn, ‘I Stand by Sand Creek’: A Defense of Colonel John M. Chivington and the Third Colorado Cavalry (Ft. Collins, CO: Old Army Press, 1985) offers an example of the acceptance of Chivington’s questionable claim that he found numerous scalps of white women and children at the Sand Creek encampment. Rogers had used the same argument to justify his indiscriminate killing of Indians at St. Francis a century earlier.Google Scholar
W. Randel, ‘Captain John Smith’s Attitude Toward the Indians’, Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, 46 (1939), 218–29.Google Scholar
W. S. Mabry, The Black Legend in England: The Development of Anti-Spanish Sentiment, 1558–1660 (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1971).Google Scholar
W. S. Powell, ‘Aftermath of the Massacre: The First Indian War, 1622–1632’, Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, 66 (1958), 44–75.Google Scholar
W. Sherman, Forced Native Labor in Sixteenth Century Central America (Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press, 1979), p. 311.Google Scholar For an excellent review of the evidence, see in addition to Cook (cited below) R. H. Jackson and E. Castillo, Indians, Franciscans, and Spanish Colonization: The Impact of the Mission System on California Indians (Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press, 1995).Google Scholar For the most recent trends in Native American historiography, see D. A. Mihesuah, ed., Natives and Academics (Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press, 1998)Google Scholar
W. W. Hening, ed., The Statutes at Large, being a Collection of all the Laws of Virginia, from the First Session of the Legislature, in the Year 1619 (New York: R. & G. & W. Bartow, 1823), vol. I, p. 128.Google Scholar
W. W. Newcomb, The Indians of Texas (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1961).Google Scholar For a comprehensive view of the evolution of ‘irregular war’ in British North America, see J. Grenier, The First Way of War: American War Making on the Frontier, 1607–1814 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallace, A. E. (1969). The death and rebirth of the Seneca. New York: Vintage Books.Google Scholar
Weaver, J. (1994). Ethnic Cleansing, Homestyle. Wicazo Sa Review, 10(1), 27-39. doi:10.2307/1409307
Weinfeld, M., Sigal, J. J., and Eaton, W. W. (1981). Long-term effects of the Holocaust on selected social attitudes and behaviors of survivors: A cautionary note. Social Forces, 60, 1–19.Google Scholar
White, R. (1983). The roots of dependency: Subsistence, environment and social change among the Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Williams, C. L., and Berry, J. W. (1991). Primary prevention of acculturative stress among refugees: Application of psychological theory and practice. American Psychologist, 46 (6), 632–641.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yellow Horse-Davis, S. E (1994). Federal Policy Impact on Indian Mental Health Services. Unpublished manuscript. Google Scholar
M. H. Hoffheimer; Hegel, Race, Genocide; Southern Journal of Philosophy; 26 March 2010 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-6962.2001.tb01841.x